Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Country | Population | Toal cases | Failure cases | Study design | Acquisition time | Definition of HFNC failure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virginie Lemiale 2021 | France + Belgium | Immunocompromised patients with ARF | 302 | 115 | RCT | 6 h after receiving HFNC | The subsequent need for invasive MV |
| Oriol Roca 2016 | Spain + France | Pneumonia | 157 | 44 | Prospective observational cohort study | 12 h after receiving HFNC | The subsequent need for invasive MV |
| Oriol Roca 2019 | Spain + France | Pneumonia | 191 | 68 | Prospective observational cohort study | 6 h after receiving HFNC | The subsequent need for invasive MV |
| Ken Junyang Goh 2020 | Singapore | Acute hypoxemic respiratory | 99 | 45 | Prospective observational cohort study | 6 h after receiving HFNC | The subsequent need for invasive MV |
| Abhimanyu Chandel 2020 | USA | COVID-19 | 272 | 108 | Prospective observational cohort study | 6 h after receiving HFNC | The subsequent need for invasive MV |
| Ming Hu 2020 | China | COVID-19 | 105 | 40 | Retrospective cohort study | 6 h after receiving HFNC | Need for NIV or IMV and/or death |
| Maeva Rodriguez 2019 | France | ARF | 190 | 22 | Retrospective cohort study | Before each separation attempt | Requiring HFNC resumption, NIV initiation, intubation, or death |
| Gregory L Calligaro 2020 | South Africa | COVID-19 | 293 | 156 | Prospective observational cohort study | 6 h after receiving HFNC | Need for MV or death |
| Jiqian Xu 2020 | China | COVID-19 | 324 | 147 | Retrospective cohort study | 4 h after receiving HFNC | The subsequent need for invasive MV |
HFNC high flow nasal cannula; ARF acute respiratory failure; RCT randomized controlled study; MV mechanical ventilation; NV noninvasive ventilation, IMV invasive ventilation