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. 2022 Feb 17;14:24. doi: 10.1186/s13148-022-01236-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Detailed DNA methylation map of the VMP1 gene. A Map of the VMP1 gene in hg19, showing EPIC probe locations. B Mean DNA methylation level at VMP1 for transgender women at baseline, 6 months GAHT, and 12 months GAHT. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals. Nine DMPs show the same direction of DNA methylation change within the DMR. C Line plot showing individual donor changes in DNA methylation for the top 3 probes within the VMP1 DMR. D Bar plot showing difference in DNA methylation between people assigned female at birth and people assigned male at birth at the top 2 VMP1 probes at birth and in adults. E Boxplot of cg12054453 in blood at birth (Guthrie cards) and in adults (23-35yo), showing that sex-specific DNA methylation at this probe become significant during the lifetime. *p value < 0.01