Table 2.
Hazard Ratios (95% CI) of total and cause-specific mortality according to categories of total olive oil intake
| Categories of olive oil intake | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never or <1 per month |
>0–≤4.5 g/d (>0 to ≤1 teaspoon) |
>4.5–≤ 7 g/d >1 teaspoon to ≤1/2 |
>7 g/d (>1/2 |
P for trend | HR (95% CI) for 5 g increase in olive oil |
||
| TOTAL MORTALITY | |||||||
| NHS | Mean total olive oil (g/d) | 0 | 1.6 (± 1.1) | 5.8 (±0.7) | 14.0 (± 8.8) | ||
| N° cases/ Person-years | 10158/527,372 | 8266/603,179 | 1570/117,489 | 2774/238,877 | |||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.73 (0.71, 0.75) | 0.71 (0.67, 0.75) | 0.62 (0.59, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.89, 0.91) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.86 (0.84, 0.89) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.90) | 0.79 (0.75, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.94, 0.96) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.87 (0.84, 0.89) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) | 0.79 (0.75, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.94, 0.96) | |
| HPFS | Mean total olive oil (g/d) | 0 | 1.6 (±1.1) | 5.7 (±0.7) | 13.7 (±8.5) | ||
| N° cases/ Person-years | 6359/271540 | 5065/308471 | 998/57641 | 1654/102670 | |||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.77 (0.75, 0.80) | 0.75 (0.70, 0.80) | 0.68 (0.64, 0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.91 (0.90, 0.93) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.94) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.84 (0.80, 0.89) | <0.0001 | 0.96 (0.95, 0.98) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) | <0.0001 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) | |
| Pooled model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.88 (0.86, 0.90) | 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) | 0.81 (0.78, 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | |
| CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MORTALITY | |||||||
| NHS | N° cases/ P-years | 2263/527,372 | 1655/603,179 | 266/117,489 | 553/238,877 | ||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.70 (0.66, 0.75) | 0.60 (0.53, 0.69) | 0.64 (0.59, 0.71) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.89, 0.94) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.87) | 0.73 (0.64, 0.83) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.002 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.83 (0.77, 0.88) | 0.74 (0.65, 0.84) | 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) | 0.006 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | |
| HPFS | N° cases/ Person-years | 1993/275615 | 1383/311810 | 269/58305 | 439/103761 | ||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.73 (0.68, 0.78) | 0.71 (0.63, 0.81) | 0.65 (0.59, 0.72) | <0.0051 | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.90) | 0.0005 | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | 0.0002 | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | |
| Pooled model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.82 (0.78, 0.86) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.84) | 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) | <.0001 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | |
| CANCER MORTALITY | |||||||
| NHS | N° cases/ P-years | 2431/527,372 | 2033/603,179 | 450/117,489 | 794/238,877 | ||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.77 (0.73, 0.82) | 0.88 (0.79, 0.97) | 0.75 (0.69, 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) | 0.02 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 0.86 (0.78, 0.93) | 0.09 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | |
| HPFS | N° cases/ P-years | 1290/229084 | 1880/387235 | 258/59343 | 336/74094 | ||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.80 (0.75, 0.86) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.80) | <0.0001 | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.90) | 0.002 | 0.95 (0.91, 0.98) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.01 | 0.95 (0.92, 0.99) | |
| Pooled model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) | 0.001 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | |
| NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE MORTALITY | |||||||
| NHS | N° cases/ P-years | 1901/527,372 | 1315/603,179 | 267/117,489 | 399/238,877 | ||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.63 (0.58, 0.67) | 0.67 (0.59, 0.76) | 0.51 (0.45, 0.56) | <.0001 | 0.86 (0.83, 0.89) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.69 (0.62, 0.77) | <.0001 | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.66 (0.59, 0.74) | <.0001 | 0.90 (0.87, 0.94) | |
| HPFS | N° cases/ P-years | 834/275027 | 653/310992 | 127/58189 | 196/103519 | ||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.59 (0.50, 0.69) | <.00001 | 0.87 (0.82, 0.91) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 0.07 | 0.95 (0.91, 1.00) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.15) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | 0.11 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | |
| Pooled model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | 0.88 (0.78, 0.98) | 0.71 (0.64, 0.78) | <.0001 | 0.92 (0.89, 0.94) | |
| RESPIRATORY DISEASE MORTALITY | |||||||
| NHS | N° cases/ P-years | 867/527,372 | 713/603,179 | 121/117,48 | 204/238,877 | ||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.86) | 90.69 (0.57, 0.84) | 0.59 (0.50, 0.68) | <.0001 | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.90 (0.81,0.99) | 0.80 (0.66, 0.97) | 0.73 (0.62, 0.85) | 0.0001 | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) | 0.80 (0.68, 0.95) | 0.008 | 0.94 (0.89, 0.98) | |
| HPFS | N° cases/ P-years | 487/276475 | 386/312247 | 73/58426 | 118/103937 | ||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.76 (0.59, 0.98) | 0.70 (0.57, 0.85) | 0.001 | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.12) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.02) | 0.07 | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.12) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.09) | 0.21 | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | |
| Pooled model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.002 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) | |
Results are expressed as Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Abbreviations: NHS, Nurses’ Health Study, HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Model 2 was adjusted for age (years), ethnicity (white, non-white), Southern European/Mediterranean ancestry (yes, no), married (yes/no), living alone (yes/no), smoking status (never, former, current smoker 1-14 cigarettes per day, 15-24 cigarettes per day, or ≥ 25 cigarettes per day), alcohol intake (0, 0.1-4.9,5.0-9.9,10.0-14.9, and ≥ 15.0 g/d), physical activity (<3.0,3.0-8.9,9.0-17.9,18.0-26.9,≥27.00 metabolic equivalent task-h/week), family history of diabetes (yes/no), family history of myocardial infarction (yes/no), family history of cancer (yes/no), multivitamin use (yes/no), aspirin use (yes/no), history of hypertension (yes/no), history of hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), in women postmenopausal status and menopausal hormone use [premenopausal, postmenopausal (no, past, or current hormone use), total energy intake (kilocalories per day) and body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divides by height in meters squared). Model 3 was additionally adjusted for red meat, fruits and vegetables, nuts, soda, whole grains intake (in quintiles), and trans fat. Results were pooled using a pooled dataset and stratifying by cohort (sex) and time period.