Table 1.

Properties of cell-laden bio-inks ranging from 0 to 5 million cells/mL.

Cell concentration (mil cells/mL)	Viscosity (mPa.s)	Surface tension (mN/m)	Density (kg/m3)	Nozzle radius (µm)	Z value
0	0.687	72.12±0.47	1006.6±2.2	40	78.41
1.0	0.736	71.51±0.66	1007.3±2.6	40	72.92
2.0	0.776	66.52±0.90	1008.4±2.2	40	66.74
3.0	0.794	65.33±0.21	1009.2±2.5	40	64.67
4.0	0.828	63.48±0.82	1010.1±2.8	40	61.16
5.0	0.868	62.86±1.00	1012.0±2.2	40	58.11

Average viscosity at shear rate of 10,000 s⁻¹, surface tension and density of the cell-laden bio-inks.