Table 4.

Average droplet impact and printed cell viability of different cell-laden bio-inks (1 – 4 million cells per mL) before and after hitting the substrate surface.

Cell concentration (mil cells/mL)	Average droplet impact velocity (m/s)	Influence of printing process on cell viability (%)	Influence of droplet impact on cell viability (%)	Change in cell viability (%)
1.0	14.07	95.3±2.78	67.4±3.86	−27.9%
2.0	11.81	94.3±2.02	82.5±1.74	−11.8
3.0	10.52	93.1±2.63	87.3±1.97	−5.92
4.0	5.77	92.7±2.38	92.2±1.99	−0.44