Table 2:

Multivariable logistic regression models predicting medication for opioid use disorder initiation, engagement, and retention.

	Initiation (of those with OUD, n=10,513)	Engagement (of those initiated, n=1,202)	Retention (of those engaged, n=742)
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Pharmacy deductible
<$1000	Reference	Reference	Reference
$1000+	1.10 (0.91-1.33)	0.99 (0.67-1.45)	0.63 (0.38-1.05)
Medical deductible
<$1000	Reference	Reference	Reference
$1000+	0.85 (0.74-0.98)	1.11 (0.84-1.47)	0.85 (0.61-1.19)
Pharmacy copay
Above median cost	1.04 (0.90-1.21)	1.33 (0.98-1.80)	1.27 (0.89-1.81)
At or below median	Reference	Reference	Reference
Medical office copay
Above median cost	1.02 (0.89-1.17)	0.89 (0.68-1.18)	0.91 (0.65-1.27)
At or below median	Reference	Reference	Reference
Current plan quarter
1	1.11 (0.93-1.33)	1.36 (0.93-2.01)	0.63 (0.36-1.10)
2	1.00 (0.83-1.22)	0.74 (0.49-1.10)	1.38 (0.87-2.19)
3	0.91 (0.74-1.12)	0.77 (0.51-1.18)	1.85 (1.26-2.70)
4	Reference	Reference	Reference
Sex
Male	Reference	Reference	Reference
Female	1.19 (1.05-1.35)	1.05 (0.82-1.35)	0.98 (0.72-1.33)
Age
16-24	1.13 (0.59-2.16)	0.61 (0.17-2.20)	0.29 (0.06-1.35)
25-64	1.71 (0.92-3.19)	1.43 (0.42-4.90)	0.76 (0.18-3.14)
65+	Reference	Reference	Reference
Region
Metropolitan	Reference	Reference	Reference
Micropolitain	0.88 (0.70-1.12)	1.04 (0.65-1.66)	0.64 (0.34-1.21)
Small town	0.83 (0.58-1.18)	1.04 (0.50-2.18)	1.71 (0.78-3.75)
Rural	1.15 (0.71-1.86)	1.18 (0.45-3.10)	2.64 (1.00-6.97)
Missing	1.57 (0.59-4.16)	0.90 (0.15-5.57)	0.75 (0.08-6.85)
Clinical covariates
Concurrent substance use
Sedative	0.82 (0.56-1.19)	0.50 (0.24-1.02)	0.53 (0.14-195)
Cocaine	0.92 (0.61-1.39)	1.54 (0.69-3.46)	4.49 (1.42-14.26)
Cannabis	0.98 (0.64-1.50)	2.10 (0.87-5.07)	0.93 (0.19-4.54)
Amphetamine	0.83 (0.54-1.28)	0.87 (0.37-2.05)	0.22 (0.02-2.08)
Hallucinogen	1.16 (0.42-3.17)	0.61 (0.08-4.51)	NC
Alcohol	2.83 (2.33-3.44)	0.79 (0.55-1.15)	0.34 (0.18-0.63)
Prior opioid overdose
Yes	1.03 (0.39-2.68)	0.25 (0.04-1.65)	NC
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Injection-related infection
Yes	0.75 (0.37-1.50)	1.99 (0.39-10.13)	7.66 (1.69-34.69)
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Hepatitis C
Yes	1.63 (0.96-2.79)	1.77 (0.54-5.75)	1.56 (0.49-4.97)
No	Reference	Reference	Reference
Mental health
Depression	0.91 (0.76-1.10)	0.84 (0.58-1.23)	0.59 (0.34-1.02)
Anxiety	1.07 (0.91-1.27)	0.92 (0.65-1.29)	0.98 (0.62-1.54)
ADHD	1.13 (0.88-1.45)	1.03 (0.62-1.70)	0.87 (0.44-1.72)
PTSD	1.03 (0.70-1.51)	1.61 (0.73-3.55)	0.77 (0.22-2.73)
Bipolar	0.87 (0.63-1.19)	0.64 (0.34-1.20)	0.68 (0.25-1.88)
Psychoses	0.48 (0.24-0.97)	1.56 (0.36-6.71)	NC
Modified Elixhauser score
0	Reference	Reference	Reference
1	0.78 (0.66-0.93)	1.10 (0.78-1.57)	0.64 (0.40-1.03)
2	0.58 (0.44-0.76)	1.22 (0.68-2.17)	1.20 (0.62-2.32)
3+	0.41 (0.31-0.55)	0.64 (0.35-1.16)	0.62 (0.24-1.58)

NC=not calculable due to small sample

Each model adjusts for all variables simultaneously and are multivariable models