Table 1.

Conceptual Definitions of Frailty Syndromes among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.

Frailty Type	Definition
Physical Frailty
- Fried Physical Frailty Phenotype	Clinical syndrome of increased vulnerability resulting from age associated decline in reserve and function across multiple physiologic systems such that the ability to cope with everyday acute stress is compromised.
- Consensus Definition (JAMDA)	A medical syndrome with multiple causes and contributors that is characterized by diminished strength, endurance, and reduced physiological function that increases an individual’s vulnerability for developing increased dependency and/or death.
- WHO Definition	A clinically recognizable state in which the ability of older people to cope with everyday or acute stressors is compromised by an increased vulnerability brought by age-associated declines in physiological reserve and function across multiple organ systems.
Cognitive Frailty
- Cognitive Frailty/Predementia Syndrome	State of cognitive vulnerability exposed to vascular risk factors with an increased likelihood of progression to overt dementia.
- I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G. Definition	A heterogenous clinical manifestation characterized by the simultaneous presence of both physical frailty and cognitive impairment.
- Ruan Definition	A heterogenous clinical syndrome of cognitive impairment (CDR ≤0.5) that develops in older patients and caused by physical factors (e.g., physical frailty and pre-physical frailty) and is excluded from dementia resulting from AD or other conditions. The two subtypes are: Reversible Cognitive Frailty: SCD (subjective cognitive decline) and/or positive biomarkers resulting from physical factors when unrelated to an acute event or clinical diagnosis of neurodegenerative and mental conditions Potentially reversible cognitive frailty: MCI (CDR=0.5)
Psychosocial Frailty
- Integral Conceptual Definition of Frailty	A dynamic state affecting an individual who experiences losses in one or more domains of human functioning (physical, psychological, social), which is caused by the influence of a range of variables and which increases the risk of adverse outcomes. Psychological: a decline in cognition, mood, and coping Social: a decline in social relations and social support
- Social Frailty	A continuum of being at risk of losing, or having lost, social and general resources, activities, or abilities that are important for fulfilling one or more basic social needs during the life span.
Nutritional Frailty
- Nutritional Frailty	A state commonly seen in vulnerable older adults, characterized by sudden, significant weight loss and loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia), or an essential loss of physiologic reserves, making the individual susceptible to disability.

Abbreviations: CDR= Clinical Dementia Rating; I.A.G.G.= International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics; I.A.N.A.= International Academy on Nutrition and Aging; JAMDA= Journal of the American Medical Directors Association; MCI= Mild Cognitive Impairment