Table 4.

Clinical pearls and take-home points for clinical practice and future research.

Clinical Pearls
- Identification of the frailty syndrome in older adults with cardiovascular disease is critical and integrating interventions to reduce frailty should be part of the comprehensive cardiac management for the expanding older adult population.
- Frailty syndrome in older patients with cardiovascular disease can be measured objectively using the Essential Frailty Toolset.
- Frail and pre-frail patients should be referred for interventions such as tailored cardiac rehabilitation program to improve frailty status and influence cardiovascular outcomes.
- Randomized experiments in cardiovascular aging are needed using consistent frailty tools to evaluate the efficacy and safety of frailty interventions.