Table 3.
Multivariable adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the prevalence of physical and comprehensive frailty according to Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top adherence score
| Quartile of the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top score | 10 points increment | p for trenda | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 1756) | Q2 (n = 1756) | Q3 (n = 1755) | Q4 (n = 1755) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) score | 43.2 | (5.9) | 52.3 | (1.6) | 57.5 | (1.5) | 64.1 | (3.0) | |||
| Physical frailty | |||||||||||
| Case [n (%)] | 302 | (17.2) | 259 | (14.7) | 241 | (13.7) | 196 | (11.2) | |||
| Model 1b | 1.00 | (Ref) | 0.81 | (0.68–0.98) | 0.75 | (0.62–0.90) | 0.56 | (0.45–0.68) | 0.79 | (0.71–0.87) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 0.87 | (0.72–1.06) | 0.84 | (0.69–1.03) | 0.64 | (0.52–0.80) | 0.85 | (0.76–0.93) | < 0.001 |
| Comprehensive frailty | |||||||||||
| Case [n (%)] | 744 | (42.4) | 658 | (37.5) | 593 | (33.8) | 519 | (29.6) | |||
| Model 1b | 1.00 | (Ref) | 0.79 | (0.68–0.91) | 0.66 | (0.57–0.76) | 0.49 | (0.42–0.57) | 0.70 | (0.64–0.76) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | (Ref) | 0.86 | (0.73–1.00) | 0.77 | (0.66–0.90) | 0.60 | (0.51–0.71) | 0.79 | (0.72–0.86) | < 0.001 |
All values are shown means (SDs), numbers (%), or relative ORs (95% CI). All estimates were derived from a multivariable logistic regression model. Physical and comprehensive frailty was assessed using the validated Fried phenotype model-based Frailty Screening Index and the Kihon Checklist. Bold p values are statistically significant (p < 0.05). Q1 through Q4 included Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top scores of < 49.5, 49.5–54.8, 54.9–60.1, and ≥ 60.2
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference; SD, standard deviation
aLinear trend p values were calculated with the likelihood ratio test using continuous variables of adherence scores
bModel 1 was adjusted for age (continuous), sex (female or male), and population density (≥ 1000 or < 1000 people/km2)
cModel 2 was Model 1 with mutual adjustments for body mass index (continuous), physical activity (yes or no), denture use (yes or no), smoking status (never smoker, past smoker, and current smoker), alcohol intake status (every day, sometimes, seldom, or never), educational attainment (< 9, 10–12, or ≥ 13 years), medication use (continuous), living alone (yes or no), socioeconomic status (high or low), green tea consumption (frequency), coffee consumption (frequency), and history of disease (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, heart disease, and stroke; yes or no)