Table 3.
Mean spatio-temporal parameters of healthy controls and people with multiple sclerosis
| HC (n = 20) |
pwMS mild disability (n = 14) |
pwMS moderate disability (n = 18) | Test–retest × section | Test–retest × group | Section × group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test | Test | Retest | Test | Retest | r2 | Test–retest | Section | Group | ||||
| Cycle duration (s) | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.99 ± 0.10 | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 1.09 ± 0.13 | 1.03 ± 0.12 | 0.43 | < 0.001 | 0.53 | < 0.001 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.09 |
| Cadence (steps/min) | 140.0 ± 11.8 | 121.9 ± 11.1 | 123.2 ± 9.3 | 111.8 ± 12.6 | 117.9 ± 12.1 | 0.45 | < 0.001 | 0.02 | < 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.63 | 0.01 |
| Stance phase (% of cycle duration) | 58.0 ± 2.4 | 60.7 ± 2.7 | 60.7 ± 2.0 | 62.3 ± 4.6 | 61.1 ± 3.5 | 0.39 | 0.003 | 0.02 | < 0.001 | 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.18 |
| Swing time (% of gait cycle) | 42.0 ± 2.4 | 39.3 ± 2.7 | 39.3 ± 2.0 | 37.7 ± 4.6 | 38.9 ± 3.5 | 0.39 | 0.003 | 0.02 | < 0.001 | 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.18 |
| Load ratio (% of stance) | 13.1 ± 2.8 | 10.7 ± 2.4 | 10.9 ± 2.4 | 9.0 ± 2.2 | 9.7 ± 2.3 | 0.32 | 0.55 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1.0 | 0.08 | < 0.001 |
| Foot flat ratio (% of stance) | 41.9 ± 7.5 | 51.9 ± 6.8 | 51.9 ± 5.6 | 59.5 ± 6.9 | 57.0 ± 5.3 | 0.53 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.98 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
| Push ratio (% of stance) | 44.9 ± 6.5 | 37.4 ± 6.2 | 37.2 ± 4.8 | 31.5 ± 6.0 | 33.4 ± 4.6 | 0.45 | < 0.001 | 0.60 | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.34 | 0.80 |
| Double contact time (% of cycle duration) | 15.9 ± 4.0 | 21.1 ± 4.2 | 21.2 ± 3.7 | 26.0 ± 11.8 | 22.9 ± 3.1 | 0.39 | 0.001 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.008 | 0.19 |
| Stride length (m) | 1.68 ± 0.20 | 1.53 ± 0.17 | 1.56 ± 0.13 | 1.33 ± 0.27 | 1.40 ± 0.24 | 0.49 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.85 | 0.006 | 0.35 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.97 ± 0.29 | 1.58 ± 0.25 | 1.62 ± 0.21 | 1.27 ± 0.33 | 1.39 ± 0.28 | 0.52 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| Max angular velocity (deg/s) | 538 ± 52 | 454 ± 53 | 463 ± 51 | 396 ± 82 | 426 ± 73 | 0.44 | < 0.001 | 0.38 | < 0.001 | 0.83 | 0.003 | 0.50 |
| Foot pitch angle at heal strike (deg) | 28.4 ± 5.3 | 24.6 ± 5.3 | 26.1 ± 5.4 | 21.9 ± 6.4 | 22.9 ± 7.6 | 0.21 | 0.07 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.43 |
| Foot pitch angle at toe off (deg) | − 84.6 ± 5.9 | − 79.3 ± 6.2 | − 78.2 ± 5.5 | − 67.4 ± 13.9 | − 70.8 ± 11.2 | 0.52 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.78 | < 0.001 | 0.72 |
| Swing width (% of stride length) | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.68 | < 0.001 | 0.09 |
| Path length (% of stride length) | 105.3 ± 3.4 | 105.7 ± 6.7 | 105.0 ± 1.3 | 109.2 ± 22.1 | 106.8 ± 3.6 | 0.19 | < 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.005 | 0.23 | 0.003 | 0.85 |
HC Healthy control, PwMS People with MS
Mean values ± standard deviations are given for the different spatio-temporal parameters of the healthy controls and two pwMS disability groups at test and retest
Statistical analysis of the different parameters, providing the Marginal r2 effect size and the p values for the fixed effect and the cross correlations (x) between conditions (last six columns)