Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of included participants
| Characteristic | N | %a / M (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Boy | 792 | 46.4% |
| Girl | 910 | 53.3% |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| Black/African American | 296 | 17.3% |
| White/Caucasian | 1,276 | 74.7% |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 130 | 7.6% |
| Asian | 36 | 2.1% |
| Native American/American Indianb | 129 | 7.6% |
| Middle Eastern/North African | 16 | 0.9% |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 12 | 0.7% |
| Household Sizec | 1,636 | 0.70 (0.44) |
| Percentage of Low-Income Studentsd | 1,682 | 67.4% (12.3%) |
| Instruction Method | ||
| All Virtual | 64 | 3.7% |
| Virtual/In-Person Hybrid | 718 | 42.1% |
| All In-Person | 926 | 54.2% |
a Percentages for categorical variables will not add up to 100% because some participants chose not to report information and race/ethnicity allowed for the selection of multiple options.
b Proportion of this racial group was higher than expected based on public reports from the school. This may be due to participants not understanding the category and/or the fact that they could select multiple racial groups rather than the one the most strongly identify with.
c Household size was used as a measure of SES and was calculated as the number of people living in the household / the number of rooms (bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchens, living rooms) in the household. Participants who reported living in two households provided information for both and the average household size of the two households reported was taken for those individuals.
d Percentage of low-income students was calculated by factoring the number of students who participated in the study from each school with the overall percentage of pupils in poverty as reported by the school. It should be noted that the accuracy of this measure is dependent on our sample being representative of the entire school’s population.