Table 2. Factors associated with psychological distress among visually impaired adults attending the University of Gondar tertiary eye care and training center, Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia.
| Variables | Psychological distress (95%CI) | COR(95%CI) | AOR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes(%) | No(%) | |||
| Age (year) | ||||
| 18–45 | 36 (40.4) | 20 (17.1) | 6.20 (2.60,14.78) | 4.45(0.79,24.90) |
| 46–56 | 22 (24.7) | 25 (21.4) | 3.04 (1.26,7.35) | 4.5(0.50,8.02) |
| 57–65 | 20 (22.5) | 34 (29.1) | 2.03(0.85,4.85) | 8.4(0.58,4.42) |
| 66+ | 11 (12.4) | 38 (32.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 48 (53.9) | 69(59) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 41 (46.1) | 48(41) | 1.23 (0.70,2.14) | 0.93 (0.29,2.89) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 46 (51.7) | 91 (77.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Unmarried | 43 (48.3) | 26 (22.2) | 3.27(1.79,5.98) | 5.53(1.66,18.43) * |
| Living arrangement | ||||
| With family member | 76 (85.4) | 109(93.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Alone | 13 (14.6) | 8 (6.8) | 2.33 (0.92,5.89) | 8.40 (1.48,4.74) * |
| Religion | ||||
| Orthodox | 68 (76.4) | 104(88.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Muslim | 21 (23.6) | 13 (11.1) | 2.47(1.16,5.26) | 4.5(0.76,26.7) |
| Educational status | ||||
| Can not read and write | 33 (37.1) | 67 (57.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Able to read and write | 19 (31.4) | 28 (23.9) | 1.37 (0.67,2.82) | 2.33 (0.58,9.40) |
| Secondary school | 21 (23.6) | 12 (10.3) | 3.55 (1.56,8.08) | 5.50 (0.98,30.7) |
| College and above | 16(17.9) | 10 (8.5) | 3.25 (1.33,7.94) | 2.50(1.47,10.61) ** |
| Occupation | ||||
| Farmer | 27(30.3) | 63 (53.8) | 1.00 | |
| Housewife | 17 (19.1) | 22 (18.8) | 1.80(0.83,3.92) | |
| Employed | 16(18) | 17 (14.4)) | 2.19 (0.96,4.97) | |
| Unemployed | 29 (32.6) | 15 (12.8) | 4.50 (2.09,9.74) | |
| Monthly income in Ethiopian Birr | ||||
| <1000 | 38 (42.7) | 39 (33.3) | 0.27 (0.98,0.73) | 3.6(5.70,22.80) |
| 1001–1500 | 6 (6.7) | 23 (19.7) | 1.06 (0.54,2.06) | 1.03(0.17,6.24) |
| 1501–3000 | 32(36) | 31 (26.5) | 0.55 (0.247,1.25) | 2.20(0.67,13.05) |
| >3000 | 13 (14.6) | 24 (20.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Residency | ||||
| Urban | 45 (50.6) | 38 (32.5) | 2.13 (1.21,3.75) | |
| Rural | 44 (49.4) | 79 (67.5) | 1.00 | |
| Family size | ||||
| <5 | 48 (53.9) | 49 (41.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 5+ | 41 (46.1) | 68 (58.1) | 0.62 (0.35,1.07) | 0.11 (0.02,5.18) |
| Duration of vision loss | ||||
| < 2years | 28 (31.5) | 47 (40.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2+ years | 61 (68.5) | 70 (59.8) | 1.46 (0.82,2.61) | 8.70(2.38,31.46)* |
| Pattern of vision loss | ||||
| Progressive | 75 (84.3) | 111(94.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sudden | 14 (15.7) | 6 (5.1) | 3.45 (1.27,9.39) | 3.50(1.10,18.30)* |
| Laterality | ||||
| One eye | 26 (29.2) | 6 (5.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Both eyes | 63(70.8) | 111(94.9) | 0.13 (0.51,0.34) | |
| Systemic co-morbidities | ||||
| No | 77(86.5) | 104(88.9) | 1.00 | 1.70(2.00,14.10)* |
| Yes | 12 (13.5) | 13 (11.1) | 1.25 (0.54,2.88) | |
| Causes of visual impairment | ||||
| Cataract | 24(27) | 55(47) | 0.29 (0.15,0.59) | 2.47 (0.54,11.30) |
| Refractive error | 16(18) | 23 (19.7) | 0.48 (0.21,1.07) | 0.35 (0.06,1.89) |
| Glaucoma | 11 (12.4) | 13 (11.1) | 0.58 (0.23,1.49) | 5.80(0.18,11.53) |
| Corneal opacity | 38 (42.6) | 26 (22.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Degree of visual impairment | ||||
| Mild | 20 (22.5) | 14(12) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 33 (37.1) | 33 (28.2) | 0.70 (0.30,1.62) | 1.38 (0.03,7.05) |
| Severe | 6 (6.7) | 9 (7.7) | 0.48 (0.14,1.61) | 3.50(0.26,38.67) |
| Very severe | 30 (33.7) | 61 (52.1) | 0.34 (0.15,0.78) | 3.70 (0.06,2.17) |
COR = Crude Odds Ratio, AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio
* = p-value<0.05and
** = p-value <0.01.