Table 3.
Baseline measures and outcome changes.
|
Control data
(N = 10) |
Stroke baseline
(N = 10) |
Stroke control phase change | Stroke treatment phase change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gait function | ||||
| Comfortable overground gait speed, m/s | 1.36 (0.16) | 0.41 (0.33)* | 0.00 [−0.05, 0.05] | 0.13 [0.05, 0.21]† |
| Fastest overground gait speed, m/s | 1.94 (0.24) | 0.57 (0.56)* | 0.00 [−0.03, 0.04] | 0.16 [0.08, 0.25]† |
| Fastest treadmill speed, m/s | N/T | 0.72 (0.51) | −0.01 [−0.07, 0.05] | 0.29 [0.16, 0.42]† |
| 6-minute walk test, m | 537 (77) | 156 (147)* | −2 [−13, 9] | 31 [16, 47]† |
| Spatiotemporal gait parameters | ||||
| Cadence, steps per minute | 109.0 (7.4) | 62.9 (31.5)* | −0.5 [−5.8, 4.8] | 12.6 [−2.2, 27.4] |
| Step time symmetry, % | 98.9 (0.8) | 74.8 (18.3)* | −7.5 [−22.4, 7.4] | 3.6 [−10.6, 17.8] |
| Paretic‡ step length, cm | 71.7 (9.5) | 39.0 (11.8)* | −3.6 [−9.7, 2.5] | 7.5 [2.1, 12.8] |
| Non-paretic‡ step length, cm | 70.4 (10.4) | 30.5 (15.9)* | −0.4 [−4.4, 3.5] | 2.4 [−1.2, 6.0] |
| Step length symmetry, % | 98.1 (1.5) | 81.4 (22.7)* | −7.0 [−28.8, 14.8] | 6.0 [−12.9, 25.0] |
| Paretic‡ single support, % gait cycle | 35.6 (2.2) | 17.3 (9.1)* | −1.4 [−3.9, 1.2] | 3.1 [0.4, 5.8]† |
| Non-paretic‡ single support, % gait cycle | 35.1 (2.1) | 26.7 (9.8)* | 1.7 [−5.4, 8.8] | 2.5 [−3.2, 8.2] |
| Single-support symmetry, % | 98.1 (3.4) | 77.2 (16.3)* | −8.2 [−20.9, 4.4] | 6.4 [1.0, 11.8] |
| Standing balance, NIH Toolbox T score | 40.8 (4.5) | 29.1 (7.4)* | −1.0 [−4.5, 2.5] | 2.3 [−0.1, 4.7] |
| Exercise capacity | ||||
| Ventilatory threshold, mL/kg/min | N/T | 9.8 (2.6) | 0.6 [0.1, 1.1] | 1.8 [0.6, 3.0] |
| Peak oxygen consumption rate, mL/kg/min | N/T | 13.1 (2.8) | 1.4 [0.1, 2.7] | 1.8 [1.2, 2.4] |
| Peak heart rate, bpm | N/T | 142 (18) | 6 [−4, 16] | 0 [−10, 10] |
| Cognition | ||||
| FCSRT free recall, 0–48 | N/T | 24.2 (13.6) | −0.8 [−3.9, 2.3] | 2.5 [0.1, 4.9] |
| NIH Toolbox fluid cognition composite, T score | 47.9 (5.8) | 27.6 (10.9)* | 1.4 [−1.2, 4.0] | 1.3 [−1.5, 4.1] |
| Flanker inhibitory control and attention, T score | 45.8 (6.9) | 33.0 (6.1)* | 2.7 [0.2, 5.2] | −0.9 [−5.9, 4.1] |
| Picture sequence memory, T score | 49.5 (12.2) | 42.6 (9.1) | 1.6 [−4.0, 7.2] | 3.3 [−1.9, 8.5] |
| List sorting working memory, T score | 48.9 (6.1) | 38.4 (13.6)* | 2.0 [−5.8, 9.8] | −0.5 [−8.4, 7.4] |
| Dimensional change card sort, T score | 49.3 (6.2) | 38.2 (10.6)* | −1.6 [−5.7, 2.5] | 0.1 [−7.1, 7.3] |
| Pattern comparison processing speed, T score | 50.3 (11.6) | 25.1 (9.7)* | −0.3 [−4.7, 4.1] | 2.6 [−0.2, 5.4] |
| Subjective measures | ||||
| PROMIS-Fatigue, T score§ | N/T | 51.1 (8.8) | 2.9 [−0.4, 6.2] | −4.8 [−9.1, −0.6]† |
| Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale, 1–5 | N/T | 3.3 (1.0) | 0.0 [−0.3, 0.3] | 0.4 [−0.1, 0.9] |
| GROC-Overall stroke recovery, −7 to +7 | N/A | N/A | 1.0 [−1.2, 3.2] | 3.9 [2.8, 5.0]† |
| GROC-Walking ability, −7 to +7 | N/A | N/A | 0.5 [−1.9, 2.9] | 4.4 [2.7, 6.1]† |
| GROC-Fitness, −7 to +7 | N/A | N/A | 0.5 [−1.5, 2.5] | 4.1 [2.8, 5.4]† |
| Supratentorial brain volume, mL ∧ | 1,004 (40) | 856 (88)* | −4.8 [−17.3, 7.7] | 7.4 [−3.5, 18.4] |
| Ipsilesional hemibrain‡ | 503 (21) | 370 (79)* | −1.9 [−9.7, 6.0] | 3.1 [−2.7, 9.0] |
| Contralesional hemibrain‡ | 501 (20) | 486 (32) | −2.9 [−8.4, 2.6] | 4.3 [−1.3, 9.8] |
Values are mean (SD) or estimate [95% CI].
*
Significant (p <0.05) difference between stroke and control participants.
†
Significant difference between intervention and control phases.
‡
Matched side for control group.
§
Lower score = less fatigue.
∧
Adjusted for head size.
PROMIS, Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; GROC, global rating of change; FCSRT, free and cued selective reminding test; N/A, not applicable; N/T, not tested.