Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 5,960) | N1 (n = 694) | N2 (n = 1,606) | N3 (n = 2,502) | N4 (n = 1,158) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Male | 2,929 (49.1) | 305 (43.9) | 786 (48.9) | 1,376 (55) | 462 (39.9) | |
| Female | 3,031 (50.9) | 389 (56.1) | 820 (51.1) | 1,126 (45) | 696 (60.1) | |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 43.0 ± 20.6 | 41.2 ± 18.9 | 38.5 ± 19.3 | 41.9 ± 20.7 | 52.8 ± 19.9 | <0.001 |
| Race (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 804 (13.5) | 89 (12.8) | 299 (18.6) | 350 (14) | 66 (5.7) | |
| Other Hispanics | 576 (9.7) | 36 (5.2) | 156 (9.7) | 297 (11.9) | 87 (7.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 2,331 (39.1) | 116 (16.7) | 357 (22.2) | 1,096 (43.8) | 762 (65.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,311 (22.0) | 342 (49.3) | 497 (30.9) | 370 (14.8) | 102 (8.8) | |
| Other race | 938 (15.7) | 111 (16) | 297 (18.5) | 389 (15.5) | 141 (12.2) | |
| Alcohol use (n (%)) | 0.095 | |||||
| No | 4,113 (69.0) | 456 (65.7) | 1,082 (67.4) | 1,762 (70.4) | 813 (70.2) | |
| Yes | 1,842 (30.9) | 238 (34.3) | 522 (32.5) | 738 (29.5) | 344 (29.7) | |
| SMOK (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 1,786 (30.0) | 145 (20.9) | 448 (27.9) | 761 (30.4) | 432 (37.3) | |
| Yes | 4,174 (70.0) | 549 (79.1) | 1,158 (72.1) | 1,741 (69.6) | 726 (62.7) | |
| EDU (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| No higher education | 2,668 (44.8) | 339 (48.8) | 749 (46.6) | 1,132 (45.2) | 448 (38.7) | |
| Higher education | 3,292 (55.2) | 355 (51.2) | 857 (53.4) | 1,370 (54.8) | 710 (61.3) | |
| INCOME (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| No more than $100,000 | 3,657 (61.4) | 495 (71.3) | 1,037 (64.6) | 1,492 (59.6) | 633 (54.7) | |
| More than $100,000 | 2,303 (38.6) | 199 (28.7) | 569 (35.4) | 1,010 (40.4) | 525 (45.3) | |
| HUA (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 4,849 (81.4) | 536 (77.2) | 1,307 (81.4) | 2,116 (84.6) | 890 (76.9) | |
| Yes | 1,111 (18.6) | 158 (22.8) | 299 (18.6) | 386 (15.4) | 268 (23.1) | |
| Hbp (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 1,889 (31.7) | 181 (26.1) | 581 (36.2) | 861 (34.4) | 266 (23) | |
| Yes | 4,071 (68.3) | 513 (73.9) | 1,025 (63.8) | 1,641 (65.6) | 892 (77) | |
| HTC (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3,405 (57.1) | 408 (58.8) | 1,024 (63.8) | 1,450 (58) | 523 (45.2) | |
| Yes | 2,555 (42.9) | 286 (41.2) | 582 (36.2) | 1,052 (42) | 635 (54.8) | |
| BMI, (mean ± SD) | 28.0 ± 7.1 | 30.6 ± 8.8 | 28.5 ± 7.4 | 27.4 ± 6.5 | 27.1 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist (mean ± SD) | 95.8 ± 17.7 | 101.2 ± 20.8 | 96.1 ± 18.2 | 94.5 ± 16.9 | 94.8 ± 15.8 | <0.001 |
| Insulin resistance (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3,253 (54.6) | 308 (44.4) | 780 (48.6) | 1,407 (56.2) | 758 (65.5) | |
| Yes | 2,707 (45.4) | 386 (55.6) | 826 (51.4) | 1,095 (43.8) | 400 (34.5) | |
| Diabetes (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 4,699 (78.8) | 507 (73.1) | 1,257 (78.3) | 2,036 (81.4) | 899 (77.6) | |
| Yes | 1,261 (21.2) | 187 (26.9) | 349 (21.7) | 466 (18.6) | 259 (22.4) | |
| Prediabetes (n (%)) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 4,476 (75.1) | 474 (68.3) | 1,211 (75.4) | 1,945 (77.7) | 846 (73.1) | |
| Yes | 1,484 (24.9) | 220 (31.7) | 395 (24.6) | 557 (22.3) | 312 (26.9) | |
| ALT (median (IQR)) | 19.0 (15.0, 26.0) | 19.0 (14.0, 25.0) | 19.0 (15.0, 27.0) | 20.0 (15.0, 27.0) | 20.0 (16.0, 25.0) | 0.017 |
| AST (median (IQR)) | 22.0 (19.0, 27.0) | 21.0 (18.0, 26.0) | 22.0 (19.0, 26.0) | 22.0 (19.0, 27.0) | 23.0 (20.0, 27.0) | <0.001 |
| ALP (median (IQR)) | 66.0 (54.0, 84.0) | 68.0 (55.0, 85.0) | 68.0 (55.0, 87.0) | 66.0 (54.0, 85.0) | 63.0 (51.0, 77.0) | <0.001 |
| TBIL (median (IQR)) | 12.0 (8.6, 13.7) | 10.3 (8.6, 13.7) | 10.3 (8.6, 13.7) | 12.0 (8.6, 13.7) | 12.0 (8.6, 13.7) | <0.001 |
| BUN (median (IQR)) | 4.3 (3.2, 5.4) | 3.6 (2.9, 4.6) | 3.9 (3.2, 4.6) | 4.3 (3.6, 5.4) | 4.6 (3.9, 6.1) | <0.001 |
| TC (median (IQR)) | 4.7 (4.0, 5.4) | 4.6 (4.0, 5.4) | 4.6 (4.0, 5.4) | 4.6 (4.0, 5.4) | 4.9 (4.2, 5.6) | <0.001 |
| UA (median (IQR)) | 315.2 (261.7, 374.7) | 324.2 (255.8, 386.6) | 315.2 (255.8, 374.7) | 315.2 (261.7, 368.8) | 309.3 (261.7, 374.7) | 0.426 |
| GGT (median (IQR)) | 17.0 (13.0, 26.0) | 18.0 (13.2, 31.0) | 18.0 (13.0, 27.0) | 17.0 (12.0, 25.0) | 17.0 (13.0, 26.0) | <0.001 |
| FPG (median (IQR)) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.7) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.8) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.7) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.6) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.7) | 0.092 |
| TG/HDL (median (IQR)) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.071 |
EDU, education; SMOK, smoking; BMI, body mass index; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALB, albumin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; UA, uric acid; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG/HDL, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein.