Table 1.
Representative examples of CoQ10 production strategies with natural, mutant, and metabolically engineered hosts
| Production host | Key strategies | Titer (mg/L) | Content (mg/g) | Volumetric productivity (mg/L/h) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Native CoQ producers and derived mutant strains | |||||
| A. tumefaciens KCCM 10413 | Controlling sucrose concentration, fed-batch cultivation | 627 | 9.25 | 5.23 | Ha et al. (2007a) |
| A. tumefaciens KCCM 10413 | Controlling pH and dissolved oxygen, 5000 L fed-batch cultivation | 458 | 8.54 | 3.82 | Ha et al. (2007b) |
| A. tumefaciens 1.2554 | Media optimization, mutagenesis, fed-batch cultivation | 120 | 3.86 | 1.25 | Yuan et al. (2012) |
| A. tumefaciens S02-13 | Adaptive laboratory evolution with menadione and sodium azide | 350 | ~ 4.2 | 3.89 | Kim et al. (2015) |
| R. sphaeroides KACC 91339P | Optimizing fermentation conditions, 150 L fed-batch cultivation | 55 | 8.12 | 0.78 | Kien et al. (2010) |
| R. sphaeroides Shenzhou6 | Mutagenesis using atmospheric and room temperature plasma treatment with vitamin K3 for selection pressure | 590 | – | 5.9 | Zou et al. (2019) |
| R. sphaeroides HY01 | Phosphate limitation, 100 L fed-batch cultivation | 1950 | ~ 24.4 | ~ 25.7 | Zhang et al. (2019) |
| Metabolically engineered native CoQ producers | |||||
| E. coli | Expression of ddsA from A. tumefaciens and MVA pathway genes from S. pneumoniae | – | 2.43 | – | Zahiri et al. (2006) |
| E. coli | Deletion of ispB, expression of ddsA from Sphingomonas baekryungensis, optimization of cultivation conditions | 0.70 | 0.43 | 0.10 | Martínez et al. (2015) |
| R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 | Overexpression of dxs, dxr, idi, ispD (MEP pathway); overexpression of fused ubiG and ubiE | 138 | 12.94 | 2.88 | Lu et al. (2015) |
| R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 | Overexpression of rate-limiting enzymes, increasing NADH/NAD+ ratio and oxygen uptake | 600 | 8.3 | 6.25 | Zhu et al. (2017b) |
| R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 | Overexpression of transcriptional repressor ppsR to decrease carotenoid synthesis and crtE to improve GGPP supply | 73 | 5.67 | – | Zhu et al. (2017a) |
| R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 | Modifying respiratory chain by deletion of sdhB, two-step oxygen supply culture strategy | 71 | 4.59 | 0.74 | Zhang et al. (2018) |
| R. sphaeroides ATCC 17023 | Deletion of fruA and fruB, increasing uptake of glucose via non-PTS by expression of galP | 78 | 4.53 | 1.08 | Yang et al. (2021) |
| R. palustris TIE-1 | Deletion of shc and crtB to disrupt carotenoid and hopanoid synthesis, overexpression of dxs, dps, ubiA | 3.6 | 8.2 | 0.05 | Xu et al. (2021b) |
| Metabolically engineered producers that do not natively synthesize CoQ | |||||
| C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 | Metabolic engineering to produce 4-HBA and DPP, expression of E. coli genes from ubiquinone pathway | 0.43 | 0.04 | 0.004 | Burgardt et al. (2021) |