Table 1.
Observational studies investigating the association between dietary ω3 intake and AD risk
| References | Cohort | Year | Study characteristics | Follow-up | Dietary recall | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [46] | Rotterdam Study | 1997 |
n 5386 Age: ≥ 55 years |
1.2 years | Semi-quantitative FFQ | Fish consumption (> 18.5 g/d) associated with a 70% reduced risk of AD without cerebrovascular disease (95% CI: 0.1–0.9) |
| [47] | 2009 |
n 5395 Age: ≥ 55 years |
9.6 years | Total fish and ω3 PUFA intake not associated with long-term AD risk | ||
| [48] | Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study | 2005 |
n 2233 Age: ≥ 65 years |
5.4 years | FFQ | Consumption of fatty fish showed 41% decreased risk of AD in those without ApoE ɛ4 allele (95% CI: 0.36–0.95) |
| [49] | Chicago Memory and Aging Project | 2003 |
n 815 Age: 65–94 years |
3.9 years | FFQ | Consumption of one or more fish meal per week reduced risk of AD by 60% (95% CI: 0.2–0.9). Total ω3 PUFA and DHA intake significantly and linearly associated with a reduced risk of AD |
| [50] | Hordland Health Study | 2007 |
n 2031 Age: 70–74 years |
Cross-sectional | FFQ | Consumption of lean and fatty fish associated with better scores on five of six cognitive tests compared to no consumption. Fish oils only associated with improved scores in one of six tests |
| [51] | Framingham Heart Study | 2006 |
n 899 Age: 55–88 years |
9.1 years | Semi-quantitative FFQ | Significant 47% reduction in risk of developing all-cause dementia in upper quartile of plasma DHA content (mean DHA intake = 0.18 g/d, mean fish intake = 3 servings/week) (95% CI: 0.29–0.97). No significant reduction in risk of AD specifically |
| [55] | Rush Memory and Aging Project | 2015 |
n 923 Age: 58–98 years |
4.5 years | Semi-quantitative FFQ | Moderate and high adherence to MIND diet showed lower risk of AD compared to first tertile. High adherence to DASH and Mediterranean diet also associated with lower AD risk |
| [57] | 2016 |
n 915 Mean age: 81.4 years |
4.9 years | Intake of food sources of ω3 PUFAs not associated with cognitive decline, however, fish oil supplement consumers had slower rates of decline in global cognition and episodic memory measures than non-consumers |
FFQ food frequency questionnaire