Table 2.
Associations of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load with systolic and diastolic blood pressure during pregnancy in total population (n = 3375)a
| Glycemic index (SDS) | Differences in systolic blood pressure in mmHg (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Early-pregnancy (n = 2802) |
Mid-pregnancy (n = 3263) |
Late-pregnancy (n = 3286) |
|
| Basic modelsb | 0.38 (− 0.06, 0.82) | 0.51 (0.11, 0.91)* | 0.58 (0.19, 0.97)* |
| Socio-demographic modelsc | 0.14 (− 0.31, 0.58) | 0.20 (− 0.20, 0.61) | 0.30 (− 0.09, 0.70) |
| Lifestyle modelsd | − 0.04 (− 0.46, 0.38) | 0.03 (− 0.36, 0.41) | 0.15 (− 0.24, 0.53) |
| Differences in diastolic blood pressure in mmHg (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Early-pregnancy (n = 2802) |
Mid-pregnancy (n = 3262) |
Late-pregnancy (n = 3285) |
|
| Basic modelsb | 0.31 (− 0.03, 0.65) | 0.41 (0.09, 0.72)* | 0.26 (− 0.05, 0.58) |
| Socio-demographic modelsc | 0.25 (− 0.10, 0.60) | 0.29 (− 0.3, 0.61) | 0.18 (− 0.14, 0.49) |
| Lifestyle modelsd | 0.21 (− 0.12, 0.54) | 0.21 (− 0.09, 0.52) | 0.13 (− 0.17, 0.43) |
| Glycemic load (SDS) | Differences in systolic blood pressure in mmHg (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Early-pregnancy (n = 2802) |
Mid-pregnancy (n = 3263) |
Late-pregnancy (n = 3286) |
|
| Basic modelb | 0.81 (0.37, 1.25)* | 0.40 (− 0.01, 0.80) | 0.47 (0.08, 0.86)* |
| Socio-demographic modelsc | 0.77 (0.33, 1.20)* | 0.33 (− 0.07, 0.73) | 0.42 (0.03, 0.80)* |
| Lifestyle modelsd | 0.23 (− 0.59, 1.05) | − 0.10 (− 0.84, 0.64) | 0.05 (− 0.68, 0.78) |
| Differences in diastolic blood pressure in mmHg (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Early-pregnancy (n = 2802) |
Mid-pregnancy (n = 3262) |
Late-pregnancy (n = 3285) |
|
| Basic modelsb | 0.35 (0.02, 0.69)* | 0.06 (− 0.26, 0.38) | − 0.03 (− 0.35, 0.28) |
| Socio-demographic modelsc | 0.35 (0.01, 0.69)* | 0.05 ( −0.27, 0.36) | − 0.04 (− 0.35, 0.27) |
| Lifestyle modelsd | 0.98 (0.35, 1.61)* | 0.30 (− 0.28, 0.88) | 0.27 (− 0.31, 0.84) |
SDS standard deviation score. CI Confidence Interval
*P value < 0.05
aValues are regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) from multiple linear regression models and reflect the differences in mmHg blood pressure per one increase in standard deviation score of maternal glycemic index and glycemic load. Estimates are from multiple imputed data
bBasic models are adjusted for gestational age at time of intake
cSocio-demographic models are adjusted for maternal age, educational level, parity and gestational age at time of measurements
dLifestyle models are adjusted for maternal age, educational level, parity, prepregnancy BMI, kcal, smoking habits, alcohol use, folic acid use and gestational age at time of the measurements