Table 3.
Associations of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load with uterine artery resistance index, umbilical artery pulsatility index and bilateral uterine artery notching in total population (n = 3090)a
| Differences in UmPI (95% CI)a | Differences in UtRI (95% CI)a | Bilateral uterine artery notching (95% CI)b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mid-pregnancy n = 2505 |
Late-pregnancy n = 2751 |
Mid-pregnancy n = 1884 |
Late-pregnancy n = 2060 |
Late-pregnancy ncases = 48 |
|
| Glycemic index (SDS) | |||||
| Basic modelsc | − 0.001 (− 0.008, 0.007) | 0.007 (0.000, 0.013) | − 0.004 (− 0.008, 0.001) | − 0.001 (− 0.004, 0.003) | 1.12 (0.84, 1.49) |
| Socio-demographic modelsd | − 0.002 (− 0.009, 0.005) | 0.005 (− 0.001, 0.011) | − 0.004 (− 0.008, 0.001) | − 0.001 (− 0.004, 0.003) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.28) |
| Lifestyle modelse | − 0.003 (− 0.011, 0.004) | 0.004 (− 0.002, 0.011) | − 0.004 (− 0.008, 0.000) | − 0.001 (− 0.005, 0.002) | 1.10 (0.82, 1.48) |
| Glycemic load (SDS) | |||||
| Basic modelsc | − 0.003 (− 0.010, 0.004) | 0.002 (− 0.004, 0.008) | 0.000 (− 0.004, 0.005) | 0.000 (0.003, 0.004) | 0.99 (0.74, 1.33) |
| Socio-demographic modelsd | − 0.003 (− 0.010, 0.004) | 0.002 (− 0.004, 0.008) | 0.000 (− 0.004, 0.005) | 0.001 (− 0.001, 0.002) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) |
| Lifestyle modelse | − 0.011 (− 0.025, 0.003) | 0.007 (− 0.005, 0.020) | − 0.004 (− 0.012, 0.004) | − 0.009 (− 0.015, − 0.002)* | 1.05 (0.59, 1.84) |
UmPI umbilical artery pulsatility index. UtRI uterine artery pulsatility index. SDS standard deviation score. CI Confidence Interval
*P value < 0.05
aValues are regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) from multiple linear regression models and reflect the differences in umbilical artery pulsatility index and uterine artery resistance index per one increase in standard deviation score of maternal glycemic index and glycemic load. Estimates are from multiple imputed data
bValues are odds ratios (95% confidence interval) from multiple logistic regression models and reflect the difference in risks of bilateral uterine artery notching per one increase in standard deviation score of maternal glycemic index and load. Estimates are from multiple imputed data
cBasic models are adjusted for gestational age at time of intake
dSocio-demographic models are adjusted for maternal age, educational level, parity and gestational age at time of measurements
eLifestyle models are adjusted for maternal age, educational level, parity, prepregnancy BMI, kcal, smoking habits, alcohol use, folic acid use and gestational age at time of the measurements