. 2021 Sep 15;61(2):703–716. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02670-5

Table 4.

Associations of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in total population (n = 3299)^a

	Gestational hypertensive disorders^b	Gestational hypertension^b	Preeclampsia^b
	OR (95% CI) n_cases = 224	OR (95% CI) n_cases = 166	OR (95% CI) n_cases = 58
Glycemic index (SDS)
Basic models^b	1.00 (0.87, 1.14)	1.02 (0.87, 1.19)	0.92 (0.71, 1.20)
Socio-demographic models^c	0.99 (0.86, 1.14)	1.01 (0.86, 1.19)	0.94 (0.72, 1.23)
Lifestyle models^d	0.98 (0.85, 1.13)	1.00 (0.85, 1.19)	0.92 (0.70, 1.21)
Glycemic load (SDS)
Basic model^b	1.04 (0.91, 1.19)	1.03 (0.88, 1.20)	1.06 (0.83, 1.37)
Socio-demographic models^c	1.05 (0.92, 1.21)	1.04 (0.89, 1.22)	1.10 (0.85, 1.42)
Lifestyle models^d	0.98 (0.75, 1.30)	1.02 (0.75, 1.41)	0.89 (0.53, 1.49)

SDS standard deviation score; CI Confidence Interval

*P value < 0.05

^aValues are odds ratios (95% confidence interval) from multiple logistic regression models and reflect the difference in risks of gestational hypertensive disorders, gestational hypertension and preeclampsia per one increase in standard deviation score of maternal glycemic index and glycemic load. Estimates are from multiple imputed data

^bBasic models are adjusted for gestational age at time of intake

^cSocio-demographic models are adjusted for maternal age, educational level, parity and gestational age at time of intake

^dLifestyle models are adjusted for maternal age, educational level, parity, prepregnancy BMI, kcal, smoking habits, alcohol use, folic acid use and gestational age at time of intake