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. 2022 Feb 17;13:938. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28575-3

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Structural schematics of the designed TI-TENG sensor array with various spacings. The bottom view shows the relative distribution of nine ITO electrodes, corresponding to nine independent TENGs (numbering from T1 to T9). b Output voltage signals of TI–T3 by touching different sites. The top panel illustrates the corresponding pressing sites of A–E. c Output voltage signals mapped in electrode positions and measurement time when sliding across the surface of TI film from T1 to T3 (sliding speed: 13 mm s⁻¹). V_Nor means the normalized voltage signals. d Output signals of T4–T9 by pressing on the top of the electrodes of T4, T5, T7, T8 (left panel), and middle sites (right panel). For a fair comparison, the tapping sites highlighted at the top panel were operated with a uniform contact force and area. e Plots of the statistical anti-interference index of TI-TENG sensory system depending on different spacings from panel (d), which shows the anti-interference abilities of tactile sensors at each spacing to improve the system-level design. Note that the index was extracted from the ratio of (V₀ − V)/V₀, where V and V₀ represent the measured voltage value for each cell with possible disturbance and without disturbance, respectively. A curve arrow is used to guide eyes. f Recorded output voltage curves and normalized maps of T1–T9 when touching with different objects of letter T and I. g Image of a game controller integrated with four TI-TENG sensors and zoom-in sensory system (inset). h Images of various demonstrations of TI-TENG sensors-enabled operating instructions, including Down, Left, Right, and Transform. i Images of a pair of smart glasses-enabled wireless music players. The upper panel illustrates four integrated TI-TENG sensors on the side bracket. TENG cells with numbers 1–4 represent directions of Last, Next, Vol up (voice up), and Play/Stop, respectively. j Demonstration of operating the Vol up and Next instructions via triggering self-powered TI-TENG sensors. Scale bar in (g) and (i): 2 cm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.