TABLE 4.

Retinal abnormalities in PD animal models.

Animal	Model	Morphological changes	Retinal defects	References
Rat	Rotenone-induced	Decreased number of RGCs and DACs; INL and ONL thinning	Decreased scotopic and photopic a- and b-waves; Increased b-wave implicit time	Tamer et al., 2005; Onofrj et al., 2006
	6-OHDA-induced	Decreased DA levels	–	Onofrj et al., 2006
Mouse	MPTP-induced	Decreased number of DACs	Reduced oscillatory potentials, a- and b-waves;	Williams et al., 2008
	Retinal a-Syn overexpression	Decreased number of DACs	Decrease of light-adapted ERG responses and visual acuity	Guo et al., 2018
	Prnp- A53T- SNCA	Accumulation of α-synuclein, loss of photoreceptor cells		Weil et al., 2016
	TgM83 (A53T α-synuclein mutation)	Accumulation of a-Syn and phosphorylated tau, decreased number of photoreceptors	–	Weil et al., 2016
	DJ-1 knockout	RPE thinning, decreased number of dopamine	Increased amplitude of b-wave and ERG,	Uc et al., 2005
Rabbit	MPTP-induced	Decreased dopamine level	Decreased amplitude of b-waves and oscillatory potentials	Bertrand et al., 2012
	6-OHDA-inducd	Decreased dopamine level	Decreased amplitude of b-waves	Ortuno-Lizaran et al., 2020
Monkey	MPTP-induced	Decreased number of DACs, Deteriorated postsynaptic neurons	–	Esteve-Rudd et al., 2011
	MPTP-induced	Decreased number of DACs, RNFL thinning	Abnormal VEP and PERG responses	Willis et al., 2014
	6-OHDA-inducd	Decreased number of DACs	Abnormal PERG responses
Drosophila	a-Syn over-expression	–	Decreased PERG responses	Willis, 2005
	LRRK2-G2019S	Loss of photoreceptor function	Decreased ERG response, loss of visual function	Toscano-Tejeida et al., 2016; Pineda-Rodriguez et al., 2017