Fig. 2. No consistent effects of hive-level cocktail treatments via pollen on drone development or adult fostering.

Within colonies, drones were exposed to pesticide-laced pollen patties either as adults (experiment 1) or as larvae (experiment 2). Unique drone source colonies are differentiated by colour. Mortality data are reported as proportion dead presented in colour, with live proportion presented in grey. Mortality differences were evaluated with χ² tests, whereas size and fertility were evaluated using linear mixed models (see Methods for specific models). Boxes represent the interquartile range, bars indicate the median, and whiskers span 1.5 times the interquartile range. Sample sizes (n) are printed at the column break for the mortality tests (a and d) and along the top of each box plot (b, c and e, f). a–c Mortality, size, and fertility of drones from different source colonies reared in untreated colonies but fostered in either treated or untreated colonies as adults. d–f Mortality, size, and fertility of drones from different source colonies which were reared through development by treated and untreated colonies, but fostered in untreated colonies as adults. See Supplementary Data 2 for underlying morphometric data and Supplementary Data 3 for survival data.