Table 2.

Target concentrations of the pesticide cocktail used for topical applications and pollen feeding^a.

Pesticide	Mode of action	Group	Median wax detection (ppb)b	Pollen (target ppb)	0.33x topical (target ppb)	2x topical (target ppb)	10x topical (target ppb)
Coumaphos	Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor	Acaricide	943	3260	314.3	1886.0	9430.0
tau-Fluvalinate	Sodium channel modulator	Acaricide	4310	469	1436.7	8620.0	43100.0
2,4-DMPFc	Octopamine receptor agonist	Acaricide (metabolite)	304	–	101.3	608.0	3040.0
Chlorothalonil	Multisite activity	Fungicide	361	26600	120.3	722.0	3610.0
Chlorpyrifos	Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor	Insecticide	2.7	33.4	0.9	5.4	27.0
Fenpropathrin	Sodium channel modulator	Insecticide	16.8	24.6	5.6	33.6	168.0
Pendimethalin	Inhibition of microtubule assembly	Herbicide	5.3	143	1.8	10.6	53.0
Atrazine	Inhibition of photosynthesis	Herbicide	5.4	37.3	1.8	10.8	54.0
Azoxystrobin	Cytochrome bc1 inhibitor	Fungicide	5.1	83.1	1.7	10.2	51.0
Carbaryl	Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor	Insecticide	–	364	–	–	–

^aSome elements of the recipe have been previously published²⁹.

^bConcentrations are based off wax residue data published by Traynor et al.²⁴.

^c2,4-Dimethylphenyl formamide (Amitraz degradate).