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. 2022 Feb 17;12:2698. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06646-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mean relative abundances of Lactobacillus species by urine and vaginal samples by study group. Abbreviations: AB on antibiotic prophylaxis, RTR renal transplant recipient, RUTI recurrent urinary tract infection (defined as at least three UTIs in the past year). Unresolved lactobacilli could only be identified at genus level, not at species level. Sample sizes: premenopausal urine controls (18) and RUTI (18); premenopausal vaginal samples controls (15) and RUTI (17); postmenopausal controls (20), RUTI (10), RTR controls (10), RTR RUTI (6), and RTR using antibiotic prophylaxis (4) for both urine and vaginal samples.