Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Variables n (%) or mean (range) |
Premenopausal | Postmenopausal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (N = 18) |
RUTI (N = 18) |
Controls (N = 20) |
RUTI (N = 10) |
RTR controls (N = 10) |
RTR RUTI (N = 10) |
|
| Mean age in years |
23.3 (18–34) |
23.3 (18–34) |
62.9 (53–75) |
65.7 (56–73) |
65.0 (57–76) |
64.1 (55–77) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Dutch descent | 13 (72.2) | 13 (72.2) | 20 (100) | 9 (90.0) | 10 (100) | 9 (90.0) |
| SSA descent1 | 5 (27.8) | 5 (27.8) | 0 | 1 (10.0) | 0 | 1 (10.0) |
| Body mass index |
22.6 (17.9–31.7) |
22.1 (18.0–30.2) |
23.9 (17.3–36.1) |
27.2 (22.0–38.3) |
26.0 (20.9–35.6) |
24.0 (15.4–33.2) |
| Sexually active past 6 months | 13 (72.2) | 14 (77.8) | 10 (52.6) | 1 (10.0) | 4 (40.0) | 3 (30.0) |
| If sexually active, condom use always (vs. inconsistent or never) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (14.3) | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Sex in past 48 h | ND | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Has at least one child | 2 (11.1) | 4 (22.2) | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Using hormonal contraception2 | 9 (50.0) | 11 (61.1) | NA | NA | NA2 | NA2 |
| Currently breastfeeding | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Current smoker | 7 (38.9) | 8 (44.4) | 2 (10.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0 | 0 |
| Current chronic medication use3 | ND | ND | 8 (42.1) | 7 (70.0) | 10 (100) | 10 (100) |
| Recent antibiotic use4 | 1 (5.6) | 2 (11.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (40.0) |
| Antibiotic use in past 6 months5 | ND | ND | 0 | 8 (80.0) | 4 (40.0) | 7 (70.0) |
| Diabetes mellitis diagnosis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (30.0) | 4 (40.0) |
| UTI symptoms in past month | 6 (33.3) | 9 (50.0) | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| UTI symptoms in last 12 months6 | ND | ND | 2 (10.5) | 10 (100) | 2 (20.0) | 10 (100) |
| Vaginal symptoms in past month | 3 (16.7) | 12 (66.7) | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Sometimes has vaginal yeast infection(s) | ND | ND | 3 (15.8) | 2 (20.0) | 1 (10.0) | 4 (40.0) |
| Sometimes has other vaginal symptom(s) | ND | ND | 0 | 4 (40.0) | 2 (20.0) | 5 (50.0) |
Abbreviations: NA not applicable, ND not done/not asked, RTR renal transplant recipients, RUTI recurrent urinary tract infection (defined as at least three UTIs in the last year), SSA sub-Saharan Africa.
1Among premenopausal women, includes 4 women of Afro-Surinamese descent and one woman of Ghanaian descent in each group.
275% of premenopausal hormonal contraceptive users were using a combined oral contraceptive pill and the other 25% Nuvaring or an intrauterine device. One woman in each of the indicated postmenopausal groups was using a vaginal estradiol cream.
3Does not include antibiotics. Includes medications for blood pressure and/or cholesterol lowering, and calcium/vitamin D, in all groups. Additional medications among non-RTR women were thyroid hormone (one in the control and one in the RUTI group), obstructive pulmonary disease inhalation therapy (one control and one RUTI) and betahistine (RUTI). Additional medications among RTR women included immunosuppressive, phosphate-binding, and diuretic medications, erythropoietin mimetics, and metformin (one woman also used insulin; RTR women used 4–14 medications per person).
4In the last 14 days in the premenopausal group and the last 30 days in the postmenopausal group. Includes doxycycline and two unknown antibiotics in the control group, and fosfomycin (prophylactic use), nitrofurantoin (prophylactic use), and ertapenem (recent treatment course on top of nitrofurantoin prophylaxis) in the RTR RUTI group.
5Includes fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, amoxicillin/amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and unknown antibiotics.
6The women in the control groups reported to have had UTI symptoms only once in the last 12 months whereas the women in the RUTI groups reported 3–12 episodes with three women reporting to have symptoms permanently.