TABLE 2.

Mean forces [median (IQR)] experienced by the intact specimens and normalized relative mean forces experienced by spinal structures.

Spinal structure	Fx [N]	Fy [N]	Fz [N]	Resultant force vector magnitude [N]	Relative to intact specimen
Intact specimen	0.22 [14.48]	−5.23 [6.95]	23.54 [9.97]	26.6 [11.9]	100%
Supra- and interspinous ligaments	0.06 [0.08]	0.08 [0.10]	0.02 [0.18]	0.2 [0.1]	0.5%
Facet joints, capsules and ligamentum flavum	0.24 [0.55]	−0.24 [0.41]	0.02 [0.26]	0.8 [0.3]	3.0%
Intervertebral disc, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments	1.03 [14.76]	−5.18 [7.65]	23.53 [10.37]	25.6 [14.2]	96.5%

IQR, interquartile range; F, force; x, mediolateral direction (positive in the left direction); y, anterioposterior direction (positive in the posterior direction); z, superioinferior direction (positive in the superior direction); N, Newtons.