Table 1.

Mean ± SE coefficient of friction (COF) and orthogonal-direction forces (F_x: + for lateral, - for medial direction, F_y: + for upward, - for downward) during the maximum pull/push force exertions (F_z: + for pull, - for push) for 2 arm postures, 3 glove conditions, 2 handle orientation, and 2 handle materials (8 subjects’ data pooled; See Figure 2 for illustration of the arm postures and force directions, Figure 1 for handle orientations, and Figure 3 for gloves)

Direction & arm	Glove	Handle orientation	Handle Material	COF	Fx (N)	Fy (N)	Fz (N)
Pull w/elbow extended	Cotton	Parallel	Aluminum	0.40±0.04	−29±11	30±5	111±13
			Rubber	0.61±0.03	−52±13	83±10	326±35
	PVC dot	Parallel	Aluminum	0.72±0.04	−39±12	63±7	247±24
			Rubber	0.78±0.06	−56±14	94±10	370±43
	Bare hand	Parallel	Aluminum	0.80±0.06	−40±11	97±10	339±40
			Rubber	1.10±0.06	−56±13	90±9	416±47
		Perpendicular	Rubber	1.10±0.06	−47±9	93±17	472±57
Pull w/elbow flexed	Bare hand	Parallel	Aluminum	0.80±0.06	−36±9	82±9	274±32
			Rubber	1.10±0.06	−43±9	84±12	329±33
		Perpendicular	Rubber	1.10±0.06	−46±8	66±14	345±42
Push w/elbow flexed	Bare hand	Parallel	Aluminum	0.80±0.06	−23±22	−109±16	−212±26
			Rubber	1.10±0.06	−17±19	−108±15	−250±28
		Perpendicular	Rubber	1.10±0.06	11±5	−79±11	−290±35