Table 2.
Summary of pathological HLA-G neoexpression in solid and hematopoietic malignancies.
| Tumor Entity | Cell Lines/tumor Samples/Plasma Samples; Number of Samples | Method/Applied Antibody | Frequency of HLA-G Expression | Correlation of the HLA-G with Clinical Parameters | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| breast cancer | 235 primary breast cancer lesions; 44 plasma samples of breast cancer patients and 48 plasma samples of healthy controls | IHC (mAb HGY), ELISA | 66% HLA-G positive breast cancers; sHLA-G: 0.74 μg/mL in stage I patients, sHLA-G: 0.78 μg/mL in stage II patients; sHLA-G: 0.43 μg/mL in healthy donors | statistically significant correlation tumor size (p = 0.0001), nodal status (p = 0.012), disease stage (p = 0.0001), HLA-G positive patients with lower survival rate (p < 0.028); elevated sHLA-G levels in plasma of breast cancer patients (p < 0.001) | (71) |
| breast cancer | 677 early breast cancer lesions | IHC (mAb 4H84) | 60% HLA-G positive breast cancers | predictor for breast cancer patients | (72) |
| cervical cancer | 22 normal cervical tissues, 14 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia patients, | IHC (mAb 4H84) | 0% in normal cervical tissues, 35.7% in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 62.8% in squamous cell cervical cancer patients | association with disease progression | (73) |
| 129 patients with squamous cell cervical cancer | |||||
| cervical cancer | 22 normal cervical tissues, 119 primary cervical lesions; | IHC (mAb 4H84), | 0% in normal cervical tissues, | significant correlation (p < 0.05) to size of the main lesion, parametrical invasion and lymph node metastasis | (74) |
| 172 plasma samples of patients with cervical cancer and 20 plasma samples of healthy controls | ELISA (MEM-G/9) | 45% in primary cervical lesions; | |||
| statistically significant higher sHLA-G levels in plasma of cervical patients (median 191.4 U/ml) versus plasma of healthy controls (median 45.18 U/ml, p < 0.001) | |||||
| colorectal cancer (CRC) | 457 primary colorectal cancer (CRC) (colon = 232, rectal = 225 lesions) | IHC (mAb 4H84) | 70.7% HLA-G positive CRC specimen | significant association with worse prognosis (p = 0.042) | (75) |
| colorectal cancer | 144 plasma samples of CRC patients, | ELISA (MEM-G/9) | statistically significant (p < 0.01) increased sHLA-G plasma levels in CRC patients (median 124.3 U/ml) than in healthy controls (median 25 U/ml) | no correlation | (76) |
| 60 plasma samples of healthy controls | |||||
| gastric cancer | 94 unselected patients with gastric adenocarcinoma | IHC (mAb, 4H84) | 25.5% HLA-G positive gastric adenocarcinoma specimen | significant association with (p < 0.0001), worse survival | (77) |
| (stage I to III) | |||||
| glioblastoma | 108 glioblastoma specimen | IHC (mAb, MEM-G/02) | 60.2% HLA-G positive glioblastoma specimen | negative effects on the survival rate | (78) |
| hepatocellular carcinoma | 74 primary hepatocellular carcinoma specimen | IHC (mAb, 4H84) | 31% HLA-G positive hepatocellular carcinoma specimen | no correlation | (79) |
| ovarian cancer | 169 primary ovarian carcinoma lesions with type II, high grade serous and undifferentiated | IHC (mAb 4H84) | 47.9% HLA-G positive primary ovarian cancer specimen | significant correlation with a favorable prognosis | (80) |
| (p = 0.038) | |||||
| ovarian cancer | 33 primary ovarian carcinoma lesions, | IHC (mAb 4H84) | 66.7% HLA-G positive primary ovarian cancer specimen, | protection from NK cell lysis | (81) |
| 13 normal ovarian tissues | 0% of the normal ovarian tissues | (in vitro) | |||
| pancreatic carcinoma | 42 primary pancreatic carcinoma specimen | IHC (mAb, 4H84) | 66% HLA-G positive pancreatic carcinoma specimen | significant correlation with grade (p=0.007), stage (p=0.038) and poor prognosis | (79) |
| testicular cancer | 34 primary testicular cancer patients | IHC (mAb 4H84) | 20.6% HLA-G positive samples | no correlation | (82) |
| chronic | 68 chronic myeloid leukemia | ELISA (sHLA-G1, HLA-G5) | association of sHLA-G with HLA-G alleles | reduced event free survival | (83) |
| myeloid | |||||
| leukemia | |||||
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia | 45 chronic lymphocytic leukemia | flow cytometry (MEM-G/9) | 1 – 12% positive | independent prognostic factor | (84) |