Table 3.

The role of I_KAS blockade on pulmonary vein and cardiac conduction systems

Region	Model	Agents	Species	Sex	experimental settings	Ca2+ (mmol/L)*	K+ (mmol/L)*	Effects of IKAS blockade on automaticity	Effects of IKAS on MDP	Effects of IKAS on AP amplitude	Effects of IKAS blockade on APD	Reference
PV	Remodeled atria by 7-day atrial tachypacing	NS8593	Dog	NA	In vivo, single cells	Normal	Normal	NA	No effect	No effect	Prolong APD	[70]
PV	Normal atria with intermittent burst pacing	Apamin	Rabbit	Male	Tissue, single cells	0.9	4.0	NA			Prolong APD	[68]
Non-denudated PV	Normal atria	Apamin	Rabbit	NA	Tissue, single cells	2.7	4.0	Increase automaticity	No effect	No effect	No effect	[11]
Denudated PV	Normal atria	Apamin	Rabbit	NA	Tissue, single cells	2.7	4.0	Decrease automaticity	No effect	No effect	Prolong APD	[11]
SA node	Normal atria	Apamin	Rabbit	NA	Tissue, single cells	2.7	4.0	Decrease automaticity	No effect	No effect	Prolong APD	[11]
SA node	atria	Apamin	Wildtype mouse	Female, male	Tissue, single cells	1.8	5.4	Decrease automaticity	Decrease MDP	NA	Prolong APD	[87]
SA node	atria	Apamin	NCX knockout mouse	Female, male	Tissue, single cells	1.8	5.4	No effect on firing rate, but increase firing regularity	NA	NA	Prolong APD	[87]
Purkinje fiber	Normal ventricle with AV block	Apamin	Rabbit	Female, male	Isolated heart and pseudotendon	1.8	4.0	Increase automaticity	No effect on MDP, but lower the threshold potential for phase 0 depolarization	No effect	Prolong APD	[72,93]

AV, atrioventricular block; APD, action potential duration; PV, pulmonary vein; MDP, maximal diastolic potential; NCX, sodium-calcium exchanger; SA, sinoatrial