Table 2.

Findings from 13 outcomes-based studies and their effects on patients and caregivers

Reference	Effects
	QUALITY INDICATORS
Ganz et al., 201025	Compared to controls, an increased number of intervention patients were eligible for more processes of care and showed a higher quality of care in the UCLA ADC program.
Reuben et al., 201333	There was an improvement in 14 quality indicators based on principles of a chronic care model for dementia in the UCLA ADC program.
Lichtenstein et al., 201530	The delegation of specific care processes to NPs and other non-physician health care providers was associated with higher quality of care for persons with dementia and other geriatric conditions.
Jennings et al., 201628	Improvement in assessment, screening, and counseling indicators occurred in the UCLA ADC program. There was variable improvement in treatment indicators.
	PATIENT OUTCOMES
Fortinsky et al., 201424	There were no changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life for patients enrolled in the 1-year PPDC program; however, patients reported high satisfaction with the intervention.
Jennings et al., 201827	Goal setting in the UCLA ADC program was reported by patients to be important and helpful in improving the dementia care process. The majority of patients attained or exceeded goals.
Possin et al., 201932	In comparison to usual care, the Care Ecosystem improved quality of life in persons with dementia when reported by caregivers.
Reuben et al., 201934	There were reduced neuropsychiatric and depressive symptoms after the 1-year UCLA ADC intervention despite worsening in neurocognitive impairment and functional activities and status.
	HEALTH SYSTEM OUTCOMES
Jennings et al., 2019b29	Patients in the UCLA ADC program had high rates of hospice use and low acute care utilization near the end of life.
Morgan et al., 201922	Compared to primary care physicians, the use of NPs and as primary care providers for complex patients with diabetes and co-occurring conditions (e.g., dementia) was associated with decreased use of acute care services.
Possin et al., 201932	Patients in the Care Ecosystem program showed reduced emergency department use but no decrease in ambulance use or hospitalizations.
	HEALTH CARE COSTS
Jennings et al., 2019a26	Compared to Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries not enrolled in the UCLA ADC intervention, there were reduced patient costs for those enrolled in the UCLA ADC intervention. However, after accounting for program costs, the
	intervention was found to be cost neutral for Medicare.
Morgan et al., 201922	Compared to primary care physicians, the use of NPs and PAs as primary care providers for complex patients with diabetes and co-occurring conditions (e.g., dementia) was associated with lower overall costs.
	CAREGIVER OUTCOMES
Fortinsky et al., 201424	There were no changes in caregiver depression, burden, and self-efficacy in dementia caregivers enrolled in the 1-year PPDC program; however, caregivers reported high satisfaction with the intervention.
Tan et al., 201435	Improvement in caregiver satisfaction in the UCLA ADC program was reported.
Possin et al., 201731	Improvement in caregiver satisfaction in the 1-year Care Ecosystem program was reported.
Jennings et al., 201827	Goal setting in the UCLA ADC program was reported by caregivers to be important to improving the dementia care process.
Possin et al., 201932	Caregiver depression and caregiver burden decreased in the Care Ecosystem program.
Reuben et al., 201934	There was reduced caregiver strain, dementia burden, distress, and depressive symptoms after 1-year UCLA ADC intervention.

Note: The total number of studies do not represent unique studies; the 13 outcomes-based studies might have reported more than one category of outcomes. UCLA ADC is University of California, Los Angeles Alzheimer’s and Dementia Care. PPDC is Proactive Primary Dementia Care. NP is nurse practitioner. PA is physician assistant.