Table 1.
Descriptive Summary Stratified by Survival
| Variable | All | Nonsurvivors | Survivors | P Value | No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total observations, n | 505 | 311 (61.6%) | 194 (38.4%) | ||
| Days from | |||||
| COVID-19 diagnosis to intubation | 10.0 (4.00; 14.0) | 11.0 (5.00; 15.0) | 7.00 (3.00; 12.8) | .001 | 405 |
| Intubation to cannulation | 4.00 (1.00; 6.00) | 4.00 (1.00; 7.00) | 3.50 (1.00; 5.75) | .523 | 443 |
| COVID-19 diagnosis to cannulation | 13.0 (7.00; 18.0) | 15.0 (9.00; 19.0) | 10.0 (5.25; 16.0) | <.001 | 428 |
| Days on ECMO | 18.0 (10.0; 29.0) | 20.0 (11.0; 29.5) | 15.0 (9.00; 25.8) | .009 | 505 |
| Hours on ECMO | 413 (223; 674) | 457 (246; 690) | 338 (212; 602) | .01 | 505 |
| Age | 48.0 (38.0; 57.0) | 51.0 (42.0; 59.0) | 44.0 (35.0; 52.8) | <.001 | 505 |
| Sex | .053 | 505 | |||
| Female | 158 (31.3) | 87 (28.0) | 71 (36.6) | ||
| Male | 347 (68.7) | 224 (72.0) | 123 (63.4) | ||
| Race | .091 | 480 | |||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 11 (2.29) | 10 (3.44) | 1 (0.53) | ||
| Asian | 28 (5.83) | 15 (5.15) | 13 (6.88) | ||
| Black or African American | 77 (16.0) | 50 (17.2) | 27 (14.3) | ||
| Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 10 (2.08) | 4 (1.37) | 6 (3.17) | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 213 (44.4) | 134 (46.0) | 79 (41.8) | ||
| White | 141 (29.4) | 78 (26.8) | 63 (33.3) | ||
| Asthma | 60 (13.0) | 39 (13.8) | 21 (11.9) | .652 | 460 |
| Cancer | 10 (2.16) | 7 (2.46) | 3 (1.69) | .748 | 462 |
| Chronic renal failure | 35 (7.68) | 22 (7.86) | 13 (7.39) | .997 | 456 |
| Diabetes | 174 (37.7) | 120 (42.1) | 54 (30.7) | .018 | 461 |
| Heart disease | 44 (9.54) | 29 (10.2) | 15 (8.47) | .65 | 461 |
| Hypertension | 213 (46.1) | 138 (48.6) | 75 (42.1) | .208 | 462 |
| Obesity | 317 (64.0) | 194 (64.0) | 123 (64.1) | 1 | 495 |
| One or more comorbid conditions | 411 (83.0) | 256 (84.5) | 155 (80.7) | .336 | 495 |
| Placed prone before ECMO | 299 (68.0) | 179 (67.0) | 120 (69.4) | .685 | 440 |
| Tracheostomy performed | 208 (41.2) | 119 (38.3) | 89 (45.9) | .11 | 505 |
| One or more circuit changes | 176 (35.9) | 113 (37.7) | 63 (33.2) | .359 | 490 |
| CVVH or CRRT used | 127 (28.3) | 87 (31.6) | 40 (23.1) | .066 | 448 |
| ECMO type | .229 | 496 | |||
| Venoarterial | 30 (6.05) | 22 (7.24) | 8 (4.17) | ||
| Venovenous | 466 (94.0) | 282 (92.8) | 184 (95.8) | ||
| Anticoagulation type | .421 | 504 | |||
| Argatroban | 28 (5.56) | 17 (5.48) | 11 (5.67) | ||
| Bivalirudin | 128 (25.4) | 85 (27.4) | 43 (22.2) | ||
| Heparin | 345 (68.5) | 207 (66.8) | 138 (71.1) | ||
| None | 3 (0.60) | 1 (0.32) | 2 (1.03) | ||
| Antiviral medication | 326 (73.1) | 209 (76.3) | 117 (68.0) | .071 | 446 |
| Convalescent plasma | 212 (49.5) | 129 (48.7) | 83 (50.9) | .726 | 428 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 56 (12.6) | 31 (11.3) | 25 (14.5) | .394 | 446 |
| Interleukin-6 blocker | 157 (35.3) | 87 (32.0) | 70 (40.5) | .085 | 445 |
| Prostaglandin | 152 (34.9) | 100 (37.5) | 52 (31.0) | .2 | 435 |
| Steroids | 374 (85.2) | 231 (85.9) | 143 (84.1) | .714 | 439 |
Data are presented as median (25th; 75th) or as n (%).
COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; CVVH, continuous venovenous hemofiltration; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.