Table 1.

Health and ecological effects of the main compounds in inks and dyes (Schmid and Speit, 2007; Jammalamadaka and Raissi, 2010; Neghab et al., 2015; Crowell et al., 2015).

Compounds	Structure	Organism	Remarks
BTEX		Human	Evident dysfunction in kidney and liver.
Ethyl acetate		Rats, human	Decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume; Impair neurological function; Lower blood concentrations.
Isopropanol		Human	Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, gastritis, headache, dizziness, confusion, stupor, and coma.
Formaldehyde		Human	FA-induced cytotoxicity (measured as reduction of the nuclear division index) possibly prevented division of damaged cells.
Acetaldehyde		Human	The deficient expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) I will cause elevated concentrations of acetaldehyde in blood, exhibiting characteristic clinical symptoms, such as peripheral vasodilation, flushing, changes in heart rate, difficulties in breathing, and muscle weakness.
Acetic Acid		Budding Yeast	A mechanism of acetic acid toxicity in yeast is related to the induction of growth signaling pathways and oxidative stress. These mechanisms are relevant to aging in all eukaryotes.
Propanone		Sprague–Dawley Rats	Markedly decreased locomotor activity in animals on acetone-paired days compared to air-paired days.
Acetophenone		Rabbit	Standard Draize test; Severe reaction severity.
Diphenyl ether		Rabbit	Standard Draize test; Mild reaction severity.
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione		Mouse	Tumorigenic in lungs, thorax, or respiration, skin, and appendages.
Butylated Hydroxytoluene		Mouse	Tumorigenic in lungs, thorax, or respiration, skin and appendages.
Isopropyl myristate		Guinea Pig	Standard Draize test; Administration onto the skin; Moderate reaction severity.
Isopropyl palmitate		Rabbit	Standard Draize test; Administration onto the skin; Moderate reaction severity.
Pyrene		Mouse	Tumorigenic in skin and appendages.
Tributyl acetylcitrate		Mouse	Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells; Blood changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count; Weight loss or decreased weight gain.
Ethanol, 2-phenoxy-		Rat	Changes in bladder weight; Weight loss or decreased weight gain; Death.
Octane, 1,1′-oxybis-		Mouse	LD50: 1183 mg/kg.
Butyraldehyde		Rat	Other changes in lungs, thorax, or respiration; transaminases; Death.
Acetylacetone		Rat	Changes in thymus weight; Weight loss or decreased weight gain.
d-glucose		Rat	Lethal dose, 50% death; Oral; 25,800 mg/kg dose; Coma; Cyanosis; Gastrointestinal hypermotility or diarrhea.