Table 1. Baseline characteristics.

Characteristics	GDM (+) (n = 415)	GDM (−) (n = 4901)	P value
Age, years	33.34 ± 3.61	28.91 ± 4.43	<0.001
BMI	27.59 ± 4.16	24.60 ± 3.94	<0.001
Marital status			>0.05
Married	413 (99.52)	4879 (99.55)
Unmarried	2 (0.48)	22 (0.45)
History of cesarean section	115 (27.71)	1379 (28.14)	>0.05
Parity			<0.001
1	149 (35.90)	2744 (55.99)
2	266 (64.10)	2157 (44.01)
Serum inflammatory factor levels
TNF-α	5.03 ± 2.82	4.66 ± 2.30	0.009
IL-6	130.24 ± 39.18	113.15 ± 39.38	<0.001
IL-1β	121.51 ± 9.89	83.14 ± 11.15	<0.001
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L	5.35 ± 0.66	4.57 ± 0.26	<0.001
Fasting insulin, mIU/L	10.22 ± 3.02	8.29 ± 2.92	<0.001