Table 2.
Bacterial Ecology
| Variable | COVID-19 Exposed Patients (N = 925) | COVID-19 Nonexposed Patients (N = 359) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gram-negative bacteria, n (%) | |||
| Enterobacterales | 444 (48) | 158 (44) | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | 111 (70) | 299 (68) | 0.609 |
| Third-generation cephalosporins | 132 (30) | 52 (33) | 0.546 |
| Carbapenems | 5 (1) | 4 (2) | 0.256 |
| Escherichia coli | 85 (19) | 24 (15) | |
| Citrobacter species | 39 (9) | 5 (3) | |
| Enterobacter species | 125 (28) | 41 (26) | |
| Hafnia species | 26 (6) | 6 (4) | |
| Klebsiella species | 92 (21) | 53 (34) | |
| Morganella species | 13 (3) | 3 (2) | |
| Proteus species | 30 (7) | 8 (5) | |
| Serratia | 33 (7) | 18 (11) | |
| Other | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Nonfermenting | 244 (26) | 104 (29) | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 195 (80) | 75 (72) | |
| Piperacillin-tazobactam | 55 (28) | 23 (31) | 0.763 |
| Ceftazidime | 31 (16) | 18 (24) | 0.147 |
| Carbapenems | 42 (22) | 19 (25) | 0.526 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 31 (13) | 19 (18) | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 7 (3) | 4 (4) | |
| Other | 11 (4) | 6 (6) | |
| Other | 25 (3) | 11 (3) | |
| Haemophilus species | 19 (76) | 10 (91) | |
| Other | 6 (24) | 1 (9) | |
| Gram-positive bacteria, n (%) | 168 (18) | 68 (19) | |
| Enterococcus speciesa | 47 (28) | 12 (18) | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 87 (52) | 40 (59) | |
| Methicillin | 5 (6) | 9 (23) | 0.013 |
| Staphylococcus species | 10 (6) | 9 (13) | |
| Streptococcus species | 23 (13) | 7 (10) | |
| Other | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | |
| Other, n (%) | 44 (5) | 18 (5) | |
| Other bacteria | 11 (25) | 10 (55) | |
| Candida speciesa | 15 (34) | 4 (22) | |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | 11 (25) | 1 (6) | |
| Virus (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus)a | 7 (16) | 3 (17) |
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
aNonpathogenic pathogen.
Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, and methicillin.