Table 2.
Patient Characteristics, Organ Support, and Outcomes
| Characteristics | Year Prior | Pre Lockdown | Lockdown |
|---|---|---|---|
| From March 16, 2019, to June 30, 2019 (the Same Time as Lockdown Period But in 2019) | From November 30, 2019, to March 15, 2020 (107 d Right Before the Lockdown) | From March 16, 2020, to June 30, 2020 (107 d of Lockdown) | |
| n | 3,919 | 4,125 | 3,649 |
| Age, mean (sd) | 59.2 (16.5) | 58.3 (16.6) | 56.8 (16.6) |
| Male sex (%) | 61.4 | 61.2 | 64.7 |
| ICU type (%) | |||
| Adult cardiovascular surgical ICU | 23.6 | 23.9 | 21.7 |
| Adult ICU | 76.4 | 76.1 | 78.3 |
| Patient types (%) | |||
| Elective surgery | 24.8 | 19.8 | 16.8 |
| Emergency surgery | 14.3 | 11.9 | 13.0 |
| Medical (nonoperative) | 56.2 | 50.9 | 50.8 |
| Others | 4.7 | 17.4 | 19.4 |
| Comorbidities (%) | 45.8 | 39.8 | 36.4 |
| Dialysis | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
| Congestive heart failure | 9.8 | 8.4 | 7.4 |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 10.9 | 10.7 | 8.6 |
| Immune suppression | 7.0 | 6.4 | 5.0 |
| Cirrhosis | 4.4 | 3.7 | 4.7 |
| Hepatic failure | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.5 |
| AIDS | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Metastatic cancer | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.1 |
| Leukemia/lymphoma | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
| Diabetes | 23.2 | 19.9 | 18.7 |
| Organ support | |||
| APACHE II, mean (sd) | 19.3 (8.5) | 19.6 (8.8) | 19.8 (9.0) |
| APACHE III, mean (sd) | 65.8 (30.7) | 66.6 (32.4) | 67.9 (32.7) |
| Mechanical ventilation (%) | 73.4 | 74.0 | 71.0 |
| Vasoactive support (%) | 57.2 | 57.2 | 56.2 |
| Renal replacement therapy (%) | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.5 |
| ICU operations | |||
| Occupancy (%), mean (sd) | 96.4 (25.2) | 95.9 (24.5) | 78.7 (24.9) |
| Avoidable time (%)a | 58.3 | 53.2 | 42.0 |
| Avoidable time (hr), mean (sd) | 15.7 (30.9) | 21.3 (52.3) | 11.8 (86.1) |
| Avoidable time (hr), median (IQR) | 2.4 (0.0–21.5) | 2.8 (0.0–24.5) | 0.4 (0.0–5.0) |
| Total avoidable time (d) | 2,570 | 3,666 | 1,797 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Lengths of stay, median (IQR) | |||
| ICU | 2.9 (1.4–6.0) | 3.0 (1.3–5.9) | 2.5 (1.1–4.9) |
| Hospital | 10.0 (5.0–20.0) | 8.8 (5.0–17.0) | 8.0 (4.0–16.0) |
| ICU mortality (%) | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.2 |
| Hospital mortality (%) | 16.1 | 15.2 | 15.1 |
APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, IQR = interquartile range.
aAvoidable time is defined as the proportion of total ICU patient-hours accounted for by avoidable ICU discharge delay. Avoidable discharge delay is defined as the time difference between the date/time of decision for transfer and when the patient was actually discharged from the ICU, less 4 hr.