Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Characteristics | All Patientsa | Propensity Score-Matched Patientsb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All HFNC (n = 504) | All Control (n = 2,621) | Matched HFNC (n = 423) | Matched Control (n = 423) | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Female, n (%) | 220 (43.7) | 1,316 (50.2) | 190 (44.9) | 181 (42.8) |
| Black, n (%) | 176 (34.9) | 944 (36) | 146 (34.5) | 147 (34.8) |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 128 (25.4) | 618 (23.6) | 106 (25.1) | 98 (23.2) |
| Body mass index, median (IQR) | 29.7 (25.6–35.3) | 28.6 (23.3–33.8) | 29.6 (4.9) | 29.3 (4.8) |
| Age, median (IQR) | 64 (52–73) | 60 (44–74) | 64 (10.2) | 65 (13) |
| Nonrespiratory Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, mean (sd) | 3.3 (2.9) | 2.0 (2.3) | 3.5 (3.0) | 3.6 (3.5) |
| Do not resuscitate/do not intubate, n (%) | 166 (32.9) | 492 (18.8) | 143 (33.8) | 150 (35.5) |
| Vital signs, mean (sd) | ||||
| Fio2 | 0.58 (0.29) | 0.31 (0.19) | 0.8 (0.22) | 0.64 (0.29) |
| Oxygen saturation/Fio2 | 311.4 (124.2) | 427.6 (98.7) | 251.6 (93.6) | 254.2 (103) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 107.1 (18.9) | 110.9 (19) | 101 (18.1) | 102 (19.7) |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 59 (11.3) | 61.3 (11.7) | 55.3 (11) | 55.8 (11.2) |
| Pulse (beats/min) | 100.4 (19.4) | 96.2 (19.5) | 103.2 (20.5) | 102.9 (22.6) |
| Laboratory results, mean (sd) | ||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 13.6 (8.7) | 8 (7.9) | 13.8 (9) | 12.8 (10.3) |
| Absolute lymphocyte count (K cells/mm3) | 0.9 (0.9) | 1.3 (6) | 1 (1) | 1 (0.7) |
| Platelets count (K cells/mm3) | 212.3 (90.1) | 212.7 (91.2) | 231.1 (100) | 226.1 (94) |
| WBC count (K cells/mm3) | 8.4 (4.2) | 8.1 (9.1) | 9.2 (4.5) | 9.1 (4.7) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.4 (2.2) | 12.2 (2.3) | 11.9 (2.2) | 11.9 (2.2) |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.6) |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 48.8 (55.2) | 49.5 (160.3) | 49.8 (56.4) | 50.4 (61.1) |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 69.8 (33.5) | 75.5 (35) | 73.5 (34.5) | 73.1 (35.1) |
| d-dimer (mg/L fibrinogen equivalent units) | 2.4 (5.4) | 2.1 (4.2) | 2.9 (5.6) | 2.9 (5.3) |
| Past diagnoses, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 338 (67.1) | 1,537 (58.6) | 288 (68.1) | 273 (64.5) |
| Coronary artery disease | 252 (50) | 1,044 (39.8) | 215 (50.8) | 219 (51.8) |
| Congestive heart failure | 161 (31.9) | 490 (18.7) | 141 (33.3) | 108 (25.5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 120 (23.8) | 554 (21.1) | 105 (24.8) | 96 (22.7) |
| Diabetes | 251 (49.8) | 944 (36) | 216 (51.1) | 181 (42.8) |
| Asthma | 76 (15.1) | 347 (13.2) | 64 (15.1) | 55 (13) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/chronic lung disease | 177 (35.1) | 672 (25.6) | 149 (35.2) | 128 (30.3) |
| Cancer | 54 (10.7) | 304 (11.6) | 48 (11.3) | 58 (13.7) |
| Liver disease | 76 (15.1) | 330 (12.6) | 67 (15.8) | 61 (14.4) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||
| 0 | 105 (20.8) | 737 (28.1) | 82 (19.4) | 84 (19.9) |
| 1–4 | 332 (65.9) | 1,599 (61) | 283 (66.9) | 280 (66.2) |
| ≥ 5 | 67 (13.3) | 285 (10.9) | 58 (13.7) | 59 (13.9) |
| Concomitant medications, n (%) | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 76 (15.1) | 337 (12.9) | 70 (16.5) | 95 (22.5) |
| Azithromycin | 243 (48.2) | 829 (31.6) | 204 (48.2) | 199 (47.0) |
| Corticosteroids | 318 (63.1) | 802 (30.6) | 249 (58.9) | 190 (44.9) |
| Remdesivir | 257 (51) | 539 (20.6) | 194 (45.9) | 133 (31.4) |
BP = blood pressure, HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula, IQR = interquartile range.
aData shown is from day 0 of hospital admission.
bData shown is from the day of HFNC initiation or matched day.
Overall, patients receiving HFNC were more likely to be male, had more comorbidities, and were more likely to receive remdesivir and corticosteroids. Differences in clinical characteristics were minimal among propensity score-matched patients, although matched HFNC patients were modesty more likely to receive corticosteroids and remdesivir than matched controls.