(A–C) Mice were infected by intranasal instillation with 1 × 104 TCID50 SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated for survival (A), viral load by TCID50 (B), and weight loss (C). (D) Representative images of lung sections from SARS-CoV-2–infected mice stained for nucleocapsid antigen (×40) or H&E-stained for pathological analysis (×40 and ×400 magnification; scale bars: 20 μm at ×400 or 200 μm at ×40). (E and F) Lesions were scored between 0 (no lesion) and 5 (severe) for interstitial pneumonia (E) or perivascular cuffing (F). (G–I) Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines or chemokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MCP-1. (J) Oxygen saturation levels in mock- and SARS-CoV-2–infected mice on days 4–5 after infection. Survival data (A) are from n = 10 mice combined from 2 separate experiments. Otherwise, data are shown as mean ± SEM from n = 8 for mock-infected, n = 10 mice for infected groups, pooled from 2 separate experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 indicate significance compared with mock-infected (day 0) control using 1-way ANOVA or an unpaired, nonparametric Mann-Whitney test for histological scores.