Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
| COVID-19 | POST COVID-19 | SC | AC | P-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients (n) | 108 | 22 | 20 | 26 | |
| Stool samples (n) | 150 | 60 | 15 | 26 | |
| Patients with serial stool samples (n) | 25 | 11 | 3 | 0 | |
| Saliva samples (n) | 117 | 24 | 19 | 0 | |
| Patients with serial saliva samples (n) | 15 | 5 | 2 | 0 | |
| Gender (females:males) | 49:59 | 4:18 | 5:15 | 11:15 | 0.055 |
| Age (years, mean, SD) | 62 (15) | 65 (13) | 64 (17) | 63 (12) | 0.761 |
| Comorbidities (n, %) | |||||
| Hypertension | 43 (39.8) | 14 (63.6) | 9 (45) | 4 (15.4) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes mellitus II | 19 (17.6) | 5 (22.7) | 3 (15) | 3 (11.5) | 0.767 |
| Coronary heart disease | 16 (14.8) | 3 (13.6) | 8 (40) | 1 (3.8) | 0.009 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 9 (8.3) | 7 (31.8) | 3 (15) | 1 (3.8) | 0.008 |
| Cancer | 9 (8.3) | 3 (13.6) | 5 (25) | 0 (0) | 0.032 |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 5 (4.6) | 1 (4.5) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.736 |
| Chronic heart failure | 5 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | 0.006 |
| Diverticular disease | 4 (3.7) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 12 (46) | 3.70E-10 |
| s.p. intestinal resection | 4 (3.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.8) | 0.656 |
| Rheumatic disease | 4 (3.7) | 2 (9) | 1 (5) | 1 (3.8) | 0.738 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 3 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.589 |
| Gastritis | 3 (2.8) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 4 (15.4) | 0.033 |
| Reflux disease | 2 (1.9) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.8) | 0.717 |
| Symptoms at admission (n, %) | |||||
| Cough | 69 (63.9) | 13 (5.9) | 7(35) | 0 (0) | 4.04E-12 |
| Fever | 63 (58.3) | 15 (68.2) | 6 (30) | 0 (0) | 1.72E-10 |
| Dyspnea | 52 (48) | 9 (10.9) | 9 (45) | 0 (0) | 2.15E-07 |
| Diarrhea | 18 (16.7) | 7 (31.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.001 |
| Anosmia/Ageusia | 17(15.7) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.0001 |
| nausea | 17 (15.7) | 6 (27.3) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.002 |
| Complications during hospitalization (n, %) | |||||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 21 (19.4) | 13 (59) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 3.17E-06 |
| Acute Kidney Injury | 17 (15.7) | 12 (54.5) | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | 1.43E-05 |
| Acute cardiac event | 2 (1.9) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.600 |
| Acute pulmonary embolism | 4 (3.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.462 |
| Shock | 3 (2.8) | 3 (13.6) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.075 |
| Pancreatitis | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.735 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 3 (2.8) | 1 (4.5) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.722 |
| Stroke | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.354 |
| Secondary infections (n, %) | 54 (50) | 19 (86.4) | 10 (50) | 0 (0) | 4.20E-08 |
| Antibiotics (n, %) | 54 (50) | 19 (86.4) | 17 (85) | 0 (0) | 2.90E-10 |
| Oxygen support without ventilation (n, %) | 44 (40.7) | 3 (13.6) | 6 (30) | 0 (0) | 0.0002 |
| Ventilation support (n, %) | 24 (22.2) | 14 (63.6) | 5 (25) | 0 (0) | 5.86E-06 |
| Artificial nutrition (n, %) | 17(16) | 12 (54.5) | 5 (25) | 0 (0) | 1.51E-05 |
| Intensive care (n, %) | 30 (27.8) | 15 (68.2) | 5 (25) | 0 (0) | 4.48E-06 |
| Immunosuppression (n, %) | 40 (37) | 5 (22.7) | 3 (15) | 2 (7.7) | 0.009 |
| Specific cancer therapy (n, %) | 5 (4.6) | 2 (9) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 0.368 |
| Specific SARS-COV-2-treatment (n, %) | |||||
| Remdesivir | 15 (13.9) | 4 (18.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.048 |
| Convalescent plasma | 5 (4.6) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.532 |
| Intravenous immunoglobulins | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.889 |
| Baricitinib | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.889 |