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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Kidney Int. 2021 Apr 6;100(1):67–78. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.03.024

Figure 4 |. Renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) proliferation and injury in HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN).

Figure 4 |

HIV infection of RTECs (and Vpr expression) results in ongoing RTEC injury, marked by cell cycle arrest, tubular atrophy, cystic development, and fibrosis. The 2 distinct fates of RTEC injury due to Vpr injury in HIVAN are hypothesized from in vitro and in vivo findings. MC, mitotic catastrophe.