TABLE 2.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combination therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Combination therapy	Processing method	MSCs form	Mechanism	Effect	Reference
Combination chemotherapy	Sorafenib	MSCs	IL‐1, TNF–α, IL‐10	Promote apoptosis and inhibit proliferation	29, 30
	Adriamycin	MSC‐sFlt1	Anti‐angiogenesis	Prevent growth and induce apoptosis	31, 32
	Sorafenib	MSCs‐CM	—	Inhibit growth	33
	Adriamycin	ADMSC‐Exo‐199a	mTOR pathway	Improve chemotherapy sensitivity	34
	Sorafenib	MSC‐Exo‐siGRP78	Targeting GRP78	Inhibit growth and invasion, reverse drug resistance	35
Combination radiotherapy	Radiotherapy	AT‐MSCs	IFITM1, STAT3, MMPs, P53, P21, caspases	Inhibit growth, migration and invasion, and enhance the effect of RT treatment	36
	I131	SMAD‐NIS‐ MSCs	TGFB1	Delay growth and prolong survival	37, 38
Combination other therapy	Oncolytic adenovirus	MSCs	Extend virus cycle and improve safety	Enhance the efficacy of anti‐liver cancer	39
	rAd‐Apoptin	MSCs/MSCs‐CM	—	Inhibit proliferation	40
	Mel	MSCs	Induces apoptosis and inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress	Promote the therapeutic potential of MSCs	41
	Vitamin D	MSCs	Inhibit TGF‐β pathway	Improve pathological images, liver function, and promote the recovery of liver parenchyma	42
	GPC3‐ENG	MSCs	Activate T cells and produce IL2	Promote the killing of gpc3‐positive tumor cells	43
	rAd‐NK4	MSCs	Erk1/2	Inhibit growth and migration and tumor angiogenesis	44