Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants according to IR.
| Variables | Non-insulin resistance | Insulin resistance | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 454 (79.8) | 115 (20.2) | – |
| Age (years) | 48.3 ± 4.7 | 49.2 ± 5.2 | .067 |
| Male [n (%)] | 300 (66.1) | 85 (73.9) | .066 |
| Educational attainment (%) | |||
| Middle or less than middle | 99 (21.8) | 28 (24.3) | .591 |
| High school | 297 (65.4) | 76 (66.1) | |
| College or above college | 58 (12.8) | 11 (9.6) | |
| Per capita income, [CNY/year, %] | |||
| ≤10,000 | 49 (10.8) | 13 (11.3) | .516 |
| 10,000–30,000 | 85 (18.7) | 25 (21.7) | |
| 30,000–60,000 | 210 (46.3) | 54 (47.0) | |
| ≥60,000 | 110 (24.2) | 23 (20.0) | |
| Current smoker [n (%)] | 157 (34.6) | 37 (32.2) | .496 |
| Current drinker [n (%)] | 102 (22.5) | 26 (22.1) | .466 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 102.9 (11.2–20.1) | 108.5 (11.0–19.7) | .751 |
| WC (cm) | 85.6 ± 7.8 | 94.0 ± 8.4 | <.001 |
| WHR | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.06 | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.54 ± 2.58 | 26.63 ± 3.15 | <.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 132.9 ± 16.9 | 143.7 ± 17.6 | <.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.7 ± 10.8 | 89.2 ± 9.8 | <.001 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 16.8 (13.6–20.7) | 22.1 (18.4–25.4) | <.001 |
| Fat % | 25.2 (21.7–29.5) | 29.7 (25.8–32.9) | <.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.00 (4.69–5.31) | 5.65 (5.21–6.70) | <.001 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/ml) | 45.23 ± 17.38 | 110.25 ± 71.88 | <.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.39 (1.01–1.81) | 3.43 (2.91–4.28) | <.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.17 (0.83–1.69) | 2.09 (1.46–3.24) | <.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.84 ± 0.86 | 5.22 ± 1.12 | <.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.38 (1.18–1.62) | 1.18 (1.05–1.29) | <.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.67 (2.25–3.13) | 2.81 (2.43–3.37) | <.001 |
| TG/HDL-C ratio | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) | 1.88 (1.18–2.89) | <.001 |
| TyG | 8.46 (8.12–8.86) | 9.17 (8.76–9.74) | <.001 |
| VAI | 2.22 ± 2.76 | 4.60 ± 4.09 | <.001 |
| LAP | 27.45 (17.41–43.86) | 61.89 (36.90–107.58) | <.001 |
| History of diabetes [n (%)] | 52 (11.5) | 15 (13.0) | .370 |
| Medication useda, [n (%)] | 32 (7.0) | 15 (13.0) | <.001 |
Note: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and frequency (percentage) as appropriate; P values are for the Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney test and χ2 analyses across the groups.
CNY: China Yuan (1CNY = 0.155 USD); WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TyG: triglycerides/glucose index; VAI: visceral adiposity index; LAP: lipid accumulation product; TG/HDL-C: triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, respectively.
aIndicating any self-reported medication used in the past 2 weeks.