Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the final sample, screening evaluation results and descriptive of primary and secondary outcomes at baseline.
| Group A Mean (SD) N = 6 | Group B Mean (SD) N = 6 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 71.00 (4.03) | 70.00 (5.09) | 0.77 |
| Sex (n men / 6) | 5 / 6 | 5 / 6 | N/A |
| Education (years) | 17.17 (4.32) | 16.00 (3.30) | 0.84 |
| Occupation (n retired / 6) | 4 | 4 | N/A |
| Time since diagnostic (years) | 10.33 (4.41) | 5.44 (3.31) | 0.006** |
| H&Y stage | 1.92 (0.58) | 1.67 (0.75) | 0.53 |
| Stage 1–1.5 (n / 6) | 2 | 3 | N/A |
| Stage 2–2.5 (n / 6) | 3 | 2 | N/A |
| Stage 3 (n / 6) | 1 | 1 | N/A |
| LED (mg / day) | 728.94 (297.36) | 637.32 (436.91) | 0.69 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Sleep problem treated with medication (n / 6) | 1 | 2 | N/A |
| Hypertension (n / 6) | 2 | 2 | N/A |
| Type II Diabetes (n / 6) | 0 | 1 | N/A |
| Caregivers | |||
| N | 6 | 5 | N/A |
| Age | 66.33 (4.92) | 63.5 (8.21) | 0.49 |
| Sex (n women) | 6 | 5 | N/A |
| Screening Neuropsychological Evaluation Type II | |||
| Visuospatial skills | |||
| Visual puzzle WAIS-IV (Z score) [33] | 0.00 (0.55) | 0.22 (1.44) | 0.64 |
| BJLO (Z score) [34] | 0.50 (0.77) | 0.92 (0.58) | 0.52 |
| Language | |||
| Lexical fluency, T-N-P (Z score) [35] | -0.07 (1.19) | 0.50 (0.68) | 0.34 |
| Category fluency, Animals (Z score) [35] | -0.34 (1.17) | -0.29 (0.48) | 0.92 |
| NAB Screening-Naming (Z score) [36] | 0.60 (0.41) | -0.05 (1.35) | 0.22 |
| Episodic memory | |||
| RL / RI 16, learning (Z score) [37] | -0.89 (1.02) | -0.37 (0.84) | 0.52 |
| RL / RI 16, delayed recall (Z score) [37] | -0.97 (1.15) | -0.86 (1.31) | 0.98 |
| BVMT-R, learning (Z score) [38] | -0.36 (0.61) | -0.25 (1.36) | 0.34 |
| BVMT-R, delayed recall (Z score) [38] | -0.30 (1.38) | -0.32 (1.17) | 0.46 |
| Attention / Working memory | |||
| D-KEFS—TMT 1 (Z score) [39] | -1.38 (1.17) | -0.92 (1.40) | 0.55 |
| D-KEFS—TMT 2 (Z score) [39] | -0.11 (0.91) | -0.78 (1.88) | 0.44 |
| D-KEFS—TMT 3 (Z score) [39] | -0.33 (1.31) | -0.05 (1.57) | 0.66 |
| Baddeley dual task paradigm (Z score) [40] | -1.78 (1.68) | -2.14 (1.87) | 0.52 |
| Spatial Span (Z score) [41] | - 0.17 (0.95) | -0.06 (0.8) | 0.83 |
| Digit Span, backwards (Z score) [33] | -0.06 (0.59) | 0.17 (1.29) | 0.74 |
| Executive functions | |||
| D-KEFS—TMT 4 minus 5 (Z score) [39] | -0.83 (1.47) | -0.79 (1.54) | 0.37 |
| Six Elements task (Z score) [42] | -1.66 (0.36) | -2.07 (0.38) | 0.07 |
| Global cognition | |||
| MoCA–Raw score [43] | 24.00 (2.19) | 23.83 (2.32) | 0.89 |
| MoCA–Z Score [43] | -1.24 (0.73) | -1.17 (0.53) | 0.83 |
| Primary outcomes | |||
| DEX (raw, self-rated) | 21.17 (7.47) | 16.33 (5.05) | 0.21 |
| DEX-C (raw, caregivers) | 22.17 (10.88) | 14.8 (11.16) | 0.27 |
| ZMT total score (raw) | 9.50 (2.74) | 9.17 (3.19) | 0.84 |
| ZMT (raw errors) | 3.60 (4.04) | 2.33 (2.34) | 0.53 |
| Secondary outcomes | |||
| PDQ-39 total (%) | 34.5 (10.93) | 25.67 (8.59) | 0.15 |
| DRS-II total (raw) | 137.00 (3.63) | 134.5 (6.03) | 0.41 |
Notes. Group A: GMT; Group B: psychoeducation; BJLO: Benton Judgment of Line Orientations; BVMT-R: Brief Visual Memory Test, Revised; DEX: Dysexecutive questionnaire; D-KEFS: Delis and Kaplan Executive Functioning System; DRS-II: Dementia Rating Scale, second edition; LED: Levodopa Equivalent Dose; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NAB: Neuropsychological Assessment Battery; PDQ-39: Parkinson Disease Questionnaire, 39 items; RL / RI 16: Rappel Libre / Rappel Indicé 16 items; TMT: Trail Making Test; WAIS-IV: Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale–IV; WMS-III: Weschler Memory Scale–III; ZMT: Zoo Map Test. Group equivalency was tested with T-tests (respective p’s reported in last column).