Table 2.
Overview of publications on volumetric, functional connectivity, and structural connectivity in BN and BED
| Study | Subjects | Gender (♀/♂) |
Age (SD) |
BMI (SD) |
Diagnosis | Method | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volumetric | |||||||
| BN | |||||||
| Amianto et al. (2013a)g | BN (13) | 13/0 | 22 (3) | 22 (2) | SCID DSM-IV-TR | VBM | BN>HC, increased volume GM: left PCL, precuneus, left putamen, left insula |
| HC (14) | 14/0 | 24 (3) | 21 (2) | HC>BN, reduced volume GM: caudate, right thalamus |
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| Berner et al. (2018)g | BN and BN-spectrum (60) | 60/0 | 18.8 (4.1) | 22.4 (2.4) | Patients, N.R. | Cortical thickness, ROI | BN>HC, increased Cortical thickness: left ventral PCC |
| HC (54) | 54/0 | 19.2 (5.5) | 21.9 (2.1) | HC>BN, reduced Cortical thickness: pars triangularis, right SPC, left dorsal PCC |
|||
| Berner et al. (2019)g | BN and BN-spectrum (62) | 62/0 | 18.8 (4) | 22.4 (2.5) | SCID DSM-IV-TR, EDE | VBM | HC>BN, inward deformations (vertex indices) right anterior lateral and medial pallidum; internal and external GP |
| HC (65) | 65/0 | 19.3 (5.7) | 22.6 (2.8) | N.S. | |||
| Canna et al. (2017)g | BN (13) | 13/0 | 27.2 (2) | N.R. | Patients, SCID DSM-5 |
VBM | N.S. |
| HC (16) | 16/0 | 26.1 (3.5) | 21.1 (1.6) | ||||
| Coutinho et al. (2015)g | BN (21) | 21/0 | 31.57 (8.27) | 21.39 (2.36) | Patients, DSM-IV | Drawn ROIs | HC>BN, reduced volume GM: caudate nucleus |
| HC (20) | 20/0 | 30.9 (8.79) | 22.11 (3.2) | ||||
| Cyr et al. (2017)*f | BN (33) | 33/0 | 16.5 (1.5)–18.1 (1.5)–19.3 (1.5) | 22.1 (2.8)–23.2 (2.8)–23.8 (2.7) | Patients, 22 DSM-5, 11 OSFED-BN | Cortical thickness, ROI, follow-up | HC>BN, reduced thickness Right inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis and pars orbitalis (OFC), consistent over all time points IFG opercularis on baseline, 12 months, 24 months, but not 36 months follow-up (N.S.) |
| HC (28) | 28/0 | 16.2 (2.1) –17.3 (2.1)–18.8 (2.3) | 21.4 (3.5)–22.6 (3.5)–23.9 (4.9) | Correlations Thickness frontal pole correlated negatively with objective binge eating episode frequency, baseline only Average thickness lateral OFC and IFC orbitalis correlated negatively with frequency vomiting, over all time points |
|||
| Frank et al. (2013)g | BN (19) | 19/0 | 25.2 (5.3) | 22.6 (5.7) | Patients, SCID DSM-IV | VBM | BN>HC, increased volume GM: left OFC, left anterior ventral insula, GR |
| HC (24) | 24/0 | 27.4 (6.3) | 21.6 (1.3) | HC>BN, reduced volume GM: dorsal caudate, right dorsal putamen WM: right MTL, right IFG |
|||
| Joos et al. (2010)g | BN (17) | 17/0 | 24.5 (4.8) | 21.1 (2.5) | DSM-IV | VBM | N.S. |
| HC (18) | 18/0 | 26.9 (5.7) | 21.2 (2) | ||||
| Marsh et al. (2015)g | BN (34) | 34/0 | 21.6 (6) | 22.1 (2) | SCID DSM-IV-TR | Cortical thickness | BN>HC, increased volume GM: MOG, IOG, LG, right IPL WM: reflective of these results |
| HC (34) | 34/0 | 22.08 (6.5) | 22.13 (2.3) | HC>BN, reduced volume GM: MFG, PreCG, ITG, PCC, right PostCG, right SPG, right cuneus, left IFG, left LSG, left precuneus, left FG WM: reflective of these results |
|||
| Mettler et al. (2013)g | BN (20) | 20/0 | 25.2 (5.3) | 22.59 (5.69) | Patients, DSM-IV-TR | VBM | N.S. |
| HC (21) | 21/0 | 27.5 (6.6) | 21.55 (1.19) | ||||
| Wagner et al. (2006)f | BN, recovered (10) | 10/0 | 24 (6.1) | 23.1 (2.4) | Ex-patients, recovery 29.8 (18.1) months | VBM | N.S. When covarying for age, BN>HC GM insula |
| HC (31) | 31/0 | 26.8 (7.3) | 21.9 (2) | ||||
| Wallace et al. (2020)f | BN-spectrum (247) | 169/78 | 19.43 (1.23) | N.R. | EDI-3 Bulimia subtest, score >0 | Cortical thickness | Negative correlation with bulimia scores in thickness GM: OFC, insula, left S1/S2, left IPC |
| Westwater et al. (2018)g | BN and BN-spectrum (33) | 33/0 | 22.6 (4.13) | 23.9 (3.1) | N.R., EDE, EDE-Q | Cortical thickness, and per vertex connectivity | Negative correlation EDE-Q BN symptoms with cortical thickness GM: rPostCG, right rostral MFG, rITG, rSFG, lOFC, lIPC, lMTG, left caudal MFG Areas with reduced cortical thickness show increase in structural connectivity estimation (per vertex, T1 MPRAGE) |
| BN+BED | |||||||
| Voon et al. (2015)g | BED (20) | 12/8 | 43.95 (9.47) | 34.12 (5.49) | DMS-IV-TR | VBM, ROI | HC>BED, reduced volume GM: medial OFC, caudate, left VS, left lateral OFC |
| OB (20) | 9/11 | 44.7 (10.12) | 32.88 (3.53) | ||||
| Schafer et al. (2010)g | BED (17) | 17/0 | 26.4 (6.4) | 32.2 (4) | DSM-IV-TR | VBM | BED>HC, increased volume GM: ACC, medial OFC |
| BN (14) | 14/0 | 23.1 (3.8) | 22.1 (2.5) | BN>HC, increased volume GM: medial OFC, VS |
|||
| HC (19) | 19/0 | 22.3 (2.6) | 21.7 (1.4) | BN>BED, volume GM: VS, DS, left lateral OFC, left medial OFC |
|||
| Structural connectivity** | |||||||
| BN | |||||||
| Canna et al. (2017)g | BN (13) | 13/0 | 27.2 (2) | N.R. | Patients, SCID DSM-5 |
DTI | FA: N.S. |
| HC (16) | 16/0 | 26.1 (3.5) | 21.1 (1.6) | ||||
| Frank et al. (2016)g | BN (25) | 25/0 | 24.64 (4.22) | 23.56 (5.89) | Patients, SCID DSM-IV |
Diffusion, PFT | BN>HC, increased connectivity, left hemisphere pI an dAI to: medial PFC, middle OFC, VS vAI to: middle OFC, VS VS to: inferior OFC, GR |
| HC (26) | 26/0 | 24.39 (3.49) | 21.61 (1.21) | BN>HC, increased connectivity, right hemisphere pI to: VS dAI to: medial PFC, middle OFC VS to: medial OFC |
|||
| HC>BN, reduced, left hemisphere vAI to: inferior OFC, CeA Hypothalamus to: middle OFC Medial PFC to: GR |
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| HC>BN, reduced, right hemisphere BLA to: dAI, VS CeA to: hypothalamus |
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| He et al. (2016)g | BN (28) | 28/0 | 21.32 (6.11) | 21.95 (2.13) | SCID DSM-IV-TR | DTI, TBSS | HC>BN, reduced FA: FMajor, Fminor, SLF, IFOF, ATR, CST, UF, cingulate gyrus |
| HC (28) | 28/0 | 20.61 (6.12) | 22.18 (2.14) | BN>HC, increased RD: FMajor, Fminor, IFOF, ATR, CST, cingulate gyrus, left SLF |
|||
| Mettler et al. (2013)g | BN (20) | 20/0 | 25.2 (5.3) | 22.59 (5.69) | Patients, DSM-IV-TR | DTI | BN>HC, increased ADC: CR into ALIC, corpus callosum, left IFOF, left UF, left EC |
| HC (21) | 21/0 | 27.5 (6.6) | 21.55 (1.19) | HC>BN, reduced FA: CR into PLIC, corpus callosum |
|||
| Wang et al. (2019)g | BN (48) | 48/0 | 22.0 (3.4) | 21.0 (2.6) | Patients, DSM-IV, MINI | DTI, nodal, NBS | BN>HC, increased Nodal strength: left superior OFC, ITG, insula, hippocampus, PHG, thalamus Local efficiency: left superior OFC, STG, ITG, superior temporal pole, thalamus, amygdala |
| HC (44) | 44/0 | 23.1 (1.7) | 20.5 (1.4) | HC>BN, reduced Nodal strength: left ACC, right precuneus Global efficiency: left GR, right OFC, insula, putamen, pallidum, amygdala, PreCG, PostCG, SMG, precuneus, FG Local efficiency: right PreCG, precuneus |
|||
| BED | |||||||
| Estella et al. (2020)g | BED (17) | 17/0 | 33.82 (7.2) | 36.07 (0.8) | DSM-5, EDE | DTI, TBSS | BED>OB, increased FA: Fminor AD: left SLF, cingulum (ACC, PCC), corpus callosum |
| OB (BED controls; 13) | 13/0 | 38.03 (9.7) | 33.64 (4.7) | BED>HC, increased AD: Right Fminor, SLF Left ILF, Fmajor, IFOF Bilateral ATR |
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| HC (non-OB; 17) | 17/0 | 34.70 (11.0) | 22.50 (2.0) | ||||
| Functional connectivity | |||||||
| BN | |||||||
| Amianto et al. (2013b)g | BN (12) | 12/0 | 23 (5) | 21.57 (2.38) | Patients, DSM-IV | RS, ICA | BN>HC, increased connectivity Cerebellum (IX, X) to: left insula, TL Lateral cerebellum, ACC, precuneus |
| HC (10) | 10/0 | 24 (3) | 21.35 (3.16) | HC>BN, reduced connectivity Cerebellum (IX, X) with PL Right IFG |
|||
| Canna et al. (2017)g | BN (13) | 13/0 | 27.2 (2) | N.R. | Patients, SCID DSM-5 |
RS, VMHC | HC>BN, reduced VMHC: FL, from OFC to dlPFC Coherence: Slow-4 and Slow-5 for OFC-dlPFC cluster |
| HC (16) | 16/0 | 26.1 (3.5) | 21.1 (1.6) | ||||
| Lee et al. (2014)g | BN (20) | 20/0 | 22.9 (3.9) | 21.6 (2.3) | Patients, SCID, DSM-IV | RS, ROI, seed-based | BN>HC, increased synchrony dACC to: left OFC, right precuneus, medial OFC |
| HC (20) | 20/0 | 23.3 (1.8) | 19.9 (1.9) | HC>BN, reduced synchrony dACC to: left PHG |
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| Spalatro et al. (2019)f | BN (16) | 16/0 | 21.56 (2.35) | 21.84 (2.35) | Patients, SCID DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 | RS, ROI | BN>HC, increased neural variability (SD) Slow-4: ventral attention network Slow-5: N.S. |
| HC (17) | 17/0 | 23.27 (2.19) | 21.42 (1.85) | ||||
| Wang et al. (2020)g | BN (51) | 51/0 | N.S. | 20.8 (2.2) | Patients, DSM-IV, MINI | RS, ROI, seed-based | BN>HC, increased connectivity Right DC to bilateral putamen, GP, caudate, thalamus Putamen (DCP, DRP, VRP) to thalamus, GP, putamen |
| HC (53) | 53/0 | N.S. | 20.4 (1.7) | HC>BN, reduced connectivity VS to PreCG, PostCG, OG Putamen (DCP, DRP, VRP) to right SFG/MFG |
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| BED | |||||||
| Oliva et al. (2019)f | BED and BED-spectrum (19) | 15/4 | 23.89 (3.4) | 22.53 (2.04) | Eating attitude test (EAT-26), >1 episode per month | RS, ROI, seed-based | BED>HC, increased N.S. for seeds left putamen, ITG, SPL N.S. correlation with impulsivity scores |
| HC (20) | 15/5 | 25.31 (3.2) | 21.25 (2.07) | HC>BED, reduced Degree centrality: right MFG, left MTL/ITL, SPL, insula Connectivity: right MFG to right anterior insula, rMFG to rMFG/IFG |
|||
| BN+BED | |||||||
| Stopyra et al. (2019)g | BN (29) | 29/0 | 27.45 (10.55) | 21.33 (2.99) | Patients, SCID DSM-IV |
RS, ICA, ROI, seed-based | BN>HC, increased connectivity ICA: right dorsal medial PFC |
| HC (BN controls; 30) | 30/0 | 26.86 (6.59) | 21.85 (1.80) | OB>BED, reduced connectivity ICA: right medial dACC, right dorsal medial PFC |
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| BED (27) | 23/4 | 38.39 (13.06) | 32.64 (4.13) | BED>OB, increased connectivity seed-based with dACC: right cerebellum, right LG |
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| OB (BED controls; 28) | 24/4 | 39.40 (10.48) | 33.58 (4.54) | HC>BN, reduced connectivity ICA: left medial dACC, left ventral medial PFC |
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| BN>BED ICA: right dorsal medial PFC, left MFG, left AG seed-based with dACC: RSC |
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| BED>BN ICA: left medial dorsal PCC seed-based with dACC: left PreCG, right PostCG, left SMA |
Abbreviations general: N.S. = not significant, N.R. = not reported.
Abbreviations subjects: BN = bulimia nervosa, BED = binge eating disorder, HC = healthy control, OB = obese control, EDIBul = bulimia symptoms on eating disorder inventory.
Abbreviations diagnosis: SCID = structured clinical interview for the DSM, DSM = diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR = DSM IV textual revision, OSFED = other specified feeding or eating disorders, EDE = eating disorder examination interview, EDI = eating disorder inventory.
Abbreviations method: VBM = voxel-based morphometry, ROI = region-of-interest analysis, Ica = independent component analysis, RS = resting state, VMHC = voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity, DTI = diffusion tensor imaging, TBSS = tract-based spatial statistics, PFT = probabilistic fiber tractography, NBS = network-based statistic.
Abbreviations findings general: GM = gray matter, WM = white matter, FA = fractional anisotropy, ADC = apparent diffusion coefficient, RD = radial diffusivity.
Abbreviations findings gyri: MOG = middle occipital gyrus, IOG = inferior occipital gyrus, LG = lingual gyrus, AG = angular gyrus, MFG = middle frontal gyrus, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, SFG = superior frontal gyrus, PreCG = precentral gyrus, PostCG = postcentral gyrus, ITG = inferior temporal gyrus, MTG = middle temporal gyrus, STG = superior temporal gyrus, SPG superior parietal gyrus, LSG = lateral superior gyrus, FG = fusiform gyrus, PHG = parahippocampal gyrus, GR = gyrus rectus, SMG = supramarginal gyrus.
Abbreviations findings cortex: PCC = posterior cingulate cortex, (d)ACC = (dorsal) anterior cingulate cortex, OFC = orbitofrontal cortex, PFC = prefrontal cortex, SPC = superior parietal cortex, RSC = retrosplenial cortex, S1/S2 = somatosensory cortex, IPC = inferior parietal cortex.
Abbreviations findings other areas: SMA = supplementary motor area, PCL = paracentral lobule, TL = temporal lobe, PL = parietal lobe, FL = frontal lobe, MTL = medial temporal lobe, ITL = inferior temporal lobe, IPL = inferior parietal lobe, SPL = superior parietal lobe, VS = ventral striatum, DS = dorsal striatum, DC = dorsal caudate, GP = globus pallidus, DCP = dorsal caudal putamen, DRP = dorsal rostral put., VRP = ventral rostral put., CeA = central nucleus amygdala, BLA = basolateral amygdala, pI = posterior insula, dAI = dorsal anterior insula, vAI = ventral anterior insula, Cerebellum (IX,X) = vermis and paravermis of cerebellum, lobule IX/X.
Abbreviations findings WM: SLF = superior longitudinal fasciculus, ILF = inferior longitudinal fasciculus, IFOF = inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, UF = uncinate fasciculus, ATR = anterior thalamic radiation, CST = corticospinal tract, FMajor = major forceps, Fminor = minor forceps, CR = corona radiata, ALIC = anterior limb of internal capsule, PLIC = posterior limb of internal capsule, EC = external capsule. *Age and BMI are displayed as baseline, follow-up 1, and follow-up 2. ** Structural connectivity can be measured with a number of different techniques (e.g., diffusion tensor imaging, probability tracking, TBSS), and do not necessarily give perfectly comparable results. Values such as FA and MD are not specific (increase in FA and decrease in MD reflects reduction in WM integrity), and differences could be attributed to myelin integrity, axonal diameter, axonal density, less coherent orientation of axons, etc. Higher RD is however more specific to myelin loss, and lower AD to axonal degradation (although there are exceptions; see Aung et al., 2013; Solowij et al., 2017). g and f refer to the quality assessment done by two independent raters (for more details, see Concluding Remarks, Quality assessment). Represents a good (≥7.5) or a fair (4–7.5; out of 10) rating, respectively.