Table 1.
Clinical parameters of the study participants.
| Normal range | Control | PCOS | P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 77) |
Con-NW (n = 47) |
Con-OW (n = 30) |
Total (n = 75) |
PCOS-NW (n = 19) |
PCOS-OW (n = 56) |
(Total PCOS vs. total con) | ||
| Age (y) | — | 27 (24, 30) | 27 (23.5, 31.5) | 27 (24.25, 30) | 26 (21, 28.5) | 25 (20.5, 29.5) | 26 (21, 28) | 0.032 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.5-24 | 23.05 (21.26, 24.56) | 21.5 (20.3, 22.69) | 25.46 (24.44, 26.02)a | 25.65 (23.83, 28.85) | 22.86 (19.74, 23.33) | 27.58 (25.3, 30.73)c,d | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | <88 | 78 (70.6, 81) | 74 (68.8, 77.8) | 83.95 (80.5, 88.5)a | 89 (82.5, 99.5) | 80 (76, 85) b | 95.25 (87.75, 102)c,d | <0.001 |
| WHR | <0.86 | 0.87 (0.83, 0.89) | 0.86 (0.8, 0.88) | 0.89 (0.87, 0.91)a | 0.89 (0.87, 0.94) | 0.86 (0.83, 0.89) | 0.9 (0.87, 0.95)c,d | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 90-140 | 112 (106, 121) | 113 (107, 120.5) | 111 (106, 120.75) | 117 (108.5, 128.5) | 112 (106.5, 117.5) | 120.5 (109, 132)c | 0.043 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 60-90 | 69.97 ± 8.4 | 70.91 ± 7.13 | 68.5 ± 10.02 | 76.15 ± 8.65 | 71.58 ± 7.83 | 77.7 ± 8.42c,d | <0.001 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 3.9-6.1 | 4.9 (4.6, 5.3) | 4.82 (4.39, 5.02) | 5.2 (4.78, 5.43)a | 4.89 (4.57, 5.38) | 4.65 (4.48, 4.79) | 4.97 (4.74, 5.54)c | 0.475 |
| FINS (mU/mL) | 1.5-15 | 7.6 (5.9, 10.2) | 6.9 (5.35, 8.3) | 10.4 (8, 11.93)a | 14.8 (11.05, 18.35) | 9.3 (4.25, 11.7) b | 16.65 (13.15, 19.45)c,d | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 4-6% | 5.1 (5, 5.45) | 5.1 (5, 5.7) | 5 (5, 5.1)a | 5.5 (5.2, 5.8) | 5.3 (5.05, 5.4) b | 5.6 (5.3, 6.03)c,d | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | ≤1.6 | 1.65 (1.33, 2.35) | 1.44 (1.12, 1.72) | 2.46 (1.83, 2.75)a | 3.31 (2.4, 4.27) | 1.85 (0.88, 2.61) b | 3.9 (2.97, 4.74)c,d | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 100% | 112.71 (82.61, 162.5) | 110.34 (81.49, 159.52) | 127.34 (87.98, 166.43) | 186.32 (124.62, 262.79) | 124.59 (67.99, 191.84) | 214.9 (144.97, 272.29)c,d | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0-1.7 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.27) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.38) | 1.48 (1.1, 2.12) | 0.89 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.67 (1.23, 2.23)c,d | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 0-5.2 | 4.3 (3.86, 4.88) | 4.11 (3.78, 4.81) | 4.57 (3.94, 5.15) | 4.45 (4.02, 5.03) | 4.39 (3.85, 4.84) | 4.53 (4.04, 5.15) | 0.345 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.9-1.68 | 1.59 (1.31, 2) | 1.72 (1.27, 2) | 1.56 (1.45, 1.77) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.32) | 1.29 (1.08, 1.79) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.25)d | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.07-3.1 | 2.34 ± 0.75 | 2.32 ± 0.77 | 2.37 ± 0.73 | 2.69 ± 0.73 | 2.54 ± 0.63 | 2.74 ± 0.76 | 0.004 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 7-40 | 15 (11, 21.6) | 13.9 (10.85, 19.05) | 15.6 (12.62, 29.75) | 24.6 (14, 48) | 13 (10.45, 17.2) | 37.15 (17.45, 62.92)c,d | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 13-35 | 18.3 (15, 22) | 19 (15.45, 22) | 17.25 (15.03, 21.75) | 21 (16.15, 28.3) | 17.4 (14.1, 19.3) | 22.1 (17.05, 37.73)c,d | 0.042 |
| γ-GGT (IU/L) | 7-45 | 15.9 (12.9, 19) | 14 (11.95, 18.2) | 17.5 (15.22, 19.75)a | 30.2 (16.75, 55.05) | 17 (11.8, 29.9) | 39.25 (22.82, 57.05)c,d | <0.001 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 89~ 357 | 265 (237.2, 300) | 245.8 (227.65, 275.3) | 298.95 (277.2, 342.75)a | 401.3 (302.7, 455.85) | 313.7 (280.05, 353.8) b | 409.65 (355.05, 469.15)c,d | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 45-105 | 54.42 ± 7.24 | 54.25 ± 6.8 | 54.68 ± 7.99 | 58.96 ± 8.46 | 58.44 ± 4.99 | 59.13 ± 9.38 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 2.9-8.2 | 4.3 (3.6, 5.04) | 4.4 (3.9, 5.06) | 4.23 (3.52, 4.86) | 4.35 (3.63, 5.2) | 4.39 (3.78, 5.22) | 4.34 (3.58, 5.19) | 0.874 |
| Testosterone (nmol/L) | 0.38-1.97 | 0.9 (0.58, 1.29) | 0.64 (0.5, 0.85) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.62)a | 2.11 (1.71, 2.68) | 1.99 (1.69, 2.45)b | 2.14 (1.75, 2.71)d | <0.001 |
| LH (mIU/L) | Follicular phase: 2.39-6.6 | 4.7 (3.31, 6.99) | 5.36 (4.46, 6.77) | 3.87 (2.17, 7.18) | 8.5 (5.18, 10.62) | 8.12 (5.08, 10.3)b | 8.59 (5.36, 10.61)d | <0.001 |
| FSH (mIU/L) | Follicular phase: 3.03-8.08 | 4.41 (2.97, 6.04) | 4.39 (3.04, 6.35) | 4.78 (3.11, 5.79) | 4.06 (3.44, 4.82) | 4.31 (3.1, 4.88) | 4.01 (3.47, 4.82) | 0.123 |
| LH/FSH | <2 | 1.06 (0.71, 1.61) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.68) | 0.83 (0.59, 1.35)a | 2.02 (1.45, 2.55) | 1.76 (1.42, 2.41)b | 2.03 (1.56, 2.6)d | <0.001 |
| Estradiol (pg/mL) | Follicular phase: 21-251 | 78.46 (54.75, 151.32) | 94.69 (63.47, 161.56) | 71.5 (37.25, 123) | 51 (34, 70.5) | 46 (21.5, 58)b | 52.5 (38.25, 73.75) | <0.001 |
| Progesterone (ng/mL) | Follicular phase: <0.1-0.3 | 1.33 (0.5, 9.35) | 1.59 (0.88, 11.59) | 0.55 (0.4, 7.72)a | 0.4 (0.2, 0.63) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.63)b | 0.4 (0.2, 0.62)c,d | <0.001 |
| PRL (ng/mL) | 5.18-26.53 | 16.3 (10.13, 26.48) | 15.45 (10.27, 23.85) | 17.64 (10.19, 28.71) | 16.62 (9.72, 22.9) | 13.35 (9.35, 19.67) | 17.12 (9.74, 23.62) | 0.324 |
| WBC (∗10^9/L) | 3.5-9.5 | 5.73 (4.9, 6.42) | 5.67 (4.86, 6.34) | 5.8 (5.14, 6.46) | 6.55 (5.72, 7.92) | 5.7 (4.94, 6.43) | 6.97 (6.11, 8.19)c,d | <0.001 |
| DIAPH1 (ng/mL) | — | 3.05 (2.74, 3.55) | 2.81 (2.64, 3.07) | 3.79 (3.15, 3.97)a | 2.78 (2.46, 3.28) | 3.14 (2.61, 3.51) | 2.69 (2.43, 3.18)d | 0.01 |
Data are shown as the mean ± SD for variables with a normal distribution and median with the interquartile range (25–75%) for nonnormally distributed continuous variables. For variables with a normal distribution, an independent samples t-test was performed to compare variables between two groups; a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison test was performed among the four subgroups (Con-NW, Con-OW, PCOS-NW, and PCOS-OW). For nonnormally distributed continuous variables, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed to compare variables between the two groups; the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by pairwise comparisons using BWS all-pairs test was performed for the four subgroups. Con-NW: control normal-weight participants; Con-OW: control overweight/obese participants; PCOS-NW: PCOS normal-weight participants; PCOS-OW: PCOS overweight/obese participants; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; FINS: fasting insulin; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and insulin secretion; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; γ-GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; UA: uric acid; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; PCOS: polycystic ovary syndrome; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; PRL: prolactin; WBC: white blood cell count. a P < 0.05 for NW-Con vs. OW-Con; b P < 0.05 for NW-Con vs NW-PCOS; c P < 0.05 for NW-PCOS vs. OW-PCOS; d P < 0.05 for OW-Con vs. OW-PCOS.