Table 1.

Viruses that are capable of causing on male reproductive health

Virus	Family	Genus	Genome	Clinical presentation	Effect on male reproductive health
Ebola virus	Filoviridae	Ebolavirus	ssRNA ( −)	Hemorrhagic fever	Testis as an anatomic reservoir for persistence
Hepatitis B virus	Hepadnaviridae	Orthohepadnavirus	dsDNA (RT)	Hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma	Sperm parameter alteration and infertility
Hepatitis C virus	Flaviviridae	Hepacivirus	ssRNA ( +)	Hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma	Sperm parameter alteration and infertility
Herpes simplex virus type 1	Herpesviridae	Simplexvirus	dsDNA	Herpes labialis and genital herpe	Prostatitis, epididymitis, infertility, and sperm parameter alteration
Herpes simplex virus type 2	Herpesviridae	Simplexvirus	dsDNA	Genital herpes	Prostatitis, epididymitis, infertility, and sperm parameter alteration
Human immunodeficiency virus	Retroviridae	Lentivirus	ssRNA (RT)	AIDS	Orchitis, “Sertoli cell only” syndrome, and infertility
Human papillomavirus	Papillomaviridae	Alpha-, beta-, gamma-papillomavirus	dsDNA	Warts and preneoplastic lesions related to oropharyngeal genital and anal cancers	Subfertility and infertility
Influenza virus	Orthomyxoviridae	Influenzavirus	ssRNA ( −)	Systemic and respiratory symptoms	Sperm parameter alteration
Mumps virus	Paramyxoviridae	Rubulavirus	ssRNA ( −)	Swelling of the parotid glands, salivary glands, and other epithelial tissues	Epididymo-orchitis and infertility
SARS-CoV	Coronaviridae	Betacoronavirus	ssRNA ( +)	Severe acute respiratory syndrome	Orchitis
SARS-CoV-2	Coronaviridae	Betacoronavirus	ssRNA ( +)	Severe acute respiratory syndrome	Orchitis
ZIKV	Flaviviridae	Flavivirus	ssRNA ( +)	Zika fever and congenital Zika	Orchitis, epididymo-orchitis, and infertility in mouse models. Sperm parameter alteration in men