Table 3.
Detail of results for evidence quality assessing
| Outcomes | Reference | Precision of the estimate | Consistency of results | No evidence of small-study effects | Grade | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > 1000 disease cases | P < 0.001 | (I2 < 50% and Cochran Q test P > 0.10) | (P > 0.10) | |||
| Cardiovascular disorders | ||||||
| Aortic dissection | Xiushi Zhou (2018) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Cardiovascular disease (CVD) | Xia Wang (2013) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Moderate |
| Stroke | Min Li (2014) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Ischemic heart disease (IHD) | Wuxiang Xie (2014) | No | No | Yes | No | Weak |
| Coronary heart disease (CHD) | Chengjuan Xie (2017) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) | Chengjuan Xie (2017) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Moderate |
| Atrial fibrillation | Irini Youssef (2018) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Resistant hypertension | Haifeng Hou (2018) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Essential hypertension | Haifeng Hou (2018) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Moderate |
| Atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation | Chee Yuan Ng (2011) | No | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) after PCI | Xiao Wang (2018) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Myocardial infarction(MI) after PCI | Hua Qu (2018) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Coronary revascularization after PCI | Hua Qu (2018) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) | Cesare Cuspidi (2020) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVEDD) | LeiYu (2019) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Left ventricular systolic diameter (LVESD) | LeiYu (2019) | No | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Left ventricular mass (LVM) | LeiYu (2019) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) | LeiYu (2019) | No | No | No | No | Weak |
| Left atrial diameter (LAD) | LeiYu (2019) | No | Yes | Yes | No | Weak |
| Left atrial diameter volume index (LAVI) | LeiYu (2019) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Right ventricular internal diameter (RVID) | Abdirashit Maripov (2017) | No | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Right ventricular free wall thickness (RVWT) | Abdirashit Maripov (2017) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Right ventricular myocardial performance index (RV MPI) | Abdirashit Maripov (2017) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Tricuspid annular systolic velocity (RV S′) | Abdirashit Maripov (2017) | No | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) | Abdirashit Maripov (2017) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Right ventricular fractional area change (RA FAC) | Abdirashit Maripov (2017) | No | No | No | No | Weak |
| Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness | Guang Song (2020) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Coronary flow reserve (CFR) | Rui-Heng Zhang (2020) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Systolic blood pressure (SBP) | De-Lei Kong (2016) | No | Yes | Yes | NA | Weak |
| Cerebral and cerebrovascular disease | ||||||
| Cerebral white matter changes | Bo-Lin Ho (2018) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Cerebrovascular (CV) disease | Zesheng Wu (2018) | Yes | No | No | No | Weak |
| White matter hyperintensities (WMH) | Yuhong Huang (2019) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Silent brain infarction (SBI) | Yuhong Huang (2019) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Asymptomatic lacunar infarction (ALI) | Anthipa Chokesuwattanaskul (2019) | No | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Mortality | ||||||
| All-cause mortality | Lei Pan (2016) | Yes | No | No | No | Weak |
| Cardiovascular mortality | Xiahui Ge (2013) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| All-cause death after PCI | Xiao Wang (2018) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Cardiac death after PCI | Hua Qu (2018) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Postoperative complications | ||||||
| Postoperative respiratory failure | Faizi Hai BA (2013) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Postoperative cardiac events | Faizi Hai BA (2013) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Postoperative desaturation | R. Kaw (2012) | Yes | No | No | No | Weak |
| Postoperative ICU transfer | R. Kaw (2012) | Yes | No | No | No | Weak |
| Postoperative composite endpoints of postoperative cardiac or cerebrovascular complications | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | Yes | Yes | No | NA | Weak |
| Postoperative myocardial infarction | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | NA | Yes | Yes | NA | Weak |
| Postoperative atrial fibrillation | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | NA | Yes | No | NA | Weak |
| Postoperative composite endpoints of pulmonary complications | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | NA | Yes | No | NA | Weak |
| Postoperative pneumonia | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | NA | No | No | NA | Weak |
| Postoperative 30-day mortality | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | NA | No | Yes | NA | Weak |
| Postoperative acute kidney injury | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | NA | Yes | No | NA | Weak |
| Postoperative delirium | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | NA | Yes | Yes | NA | Weak |
| Postoperative venoembolism | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | NA | No | No | NA | Weak |
| Postoperative length of hospital stay (days) | Ka Ting Ng (2020) | NA | No | No | NA | Weak |
| Pregnancy-related disorders | ||||||
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) | Xinge Zhang (2020) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| C-section | Lina Liu (2019) | NA | Yes | No | NA | Weak |
| Pregnancy-related wound complication | Lina Liu (2019) | NA | Yes | Yes | NA | Weak |
| Pregnancy-related pulmonary edema | Lina Liu (2019) | NA | Yes | Yes | NA | Weak |
| Gestational hypertension | Liwen Li (2018) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Preeclampsia | Liwen Li (2018) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Moderate |
| Preterm birth | Liwen Li (2018) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission | Ting Xu (2014) | No | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Ophthalmic disorders | ||||||
| Diabetic retinopathy (DR) | Zhenliu Zhu (2017) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Keratoconus | Marco Pellegrini (2020) | Yes | No | Yes | No | Weak |
| Glaucoma | Xinhua Wu (2015) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Moderate |
| Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) | Leh-Kiong Huon (2016) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) | Yong Wu (2015) | No | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) | Chris Y.Wu (2018) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness | Cheng-Lin Sun (2016) | No | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Digestive disorders | ||||||
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | Zeng-Hong Wu (2019) | Yes | No | No | No | Weak |
| Steatosis | Shanshan Jin (2018) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Lobular inflammation | Shanshan Jin (2018) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Ballooning degeneration | Shanshan Jin (2018) | No | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| NAFLD defined by liver histology | G. Musso (2013) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| NAFLD defined by radiology | G. Musso (2013) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| NAFLD defined by AST elevation | G. Musso (2013) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| NAFLD defined by ALT elevation | G. Musso (2013) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) | G. Musso (2013) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Fibrosis | G. Musso (2013) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Alanine transaminase (ALT) | Shanshan Jin (2018) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Endocrine and metabolic system disorders | ||||||
| Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) | Ranran Qie (2020) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Moderate |
| Metabolic syndrome (MS) | Shaoyong Xu (2015) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Fasting blood glucose (FBG) | De-Lei Kong (2016) | Yes | Yes | No | NA | Meak |
| Total cholesterol (TC) | Rashid Nadeem (2014) | NA | No | NA | NA | Weak |
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | Rashid Nadeem (2014) | NA | No | NA | NA | Weak |
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) | Rashid Nadeem (2014) | NA | Yes | NA | NA | Weak |
| Triglyceride (TG) | Rashid Nadeem (2014) | NA | Yes | NA | NA | Weak |
| Adiponectin | Mi Lu (2019) | No | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) | Reza Fadaei (2020) | No | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Fibrinogen | Fang Lu (2019) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Moderate |
| Homocysteine | Kun Li (2017) | No | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | Xingyu Wu (2018) | No | Yes | No | NA | Weak |
| Angiotensin II (AngII) | Ze-Ning Jin (2016) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Serum vitamin D | Xiaoyan Li (2020) | Yes | Yes | No | NA | Weak |
| Urological disorders | ||||||
| Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) | Wen Bun Leong (2016) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Microalbuminuria | Tongtong Liu (2020) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | Der-Wei Hwu (2017) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Serum uric acid level | Tingting Shi (2019) | Yes | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Serum cystatin C | Tongtong Liu (2020) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) | Tongtong Liu (2020) | No | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) | Tongtong Liu (2020) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Other outcomes | ||||||
| Diabetic neuropathy | Xiandong Gu (2018) | No | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Psoriasis | Tzong-Yun Ger (2020) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Nocturia | Jiatong Zhou (2019) | No | Yes | No | No | Weak |
| Parkinson’s disease | A-Ping Sun (2020) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | High |
| Erectile dysfunction | Luhao Liu (2015) | No | No | No | No | Weak |
| Female sexual dysfunction | Luhao Liu (2015) | No | No | Yes | Yes | Weak |
| Sexual dysfunction | Luhao Liu (2015) | No | Yes | No | Yes | Weak |
| Cancer incidence | Ghanshyam Palamaner Subash Shantha (2015) | No | No | No | No | Weak |
| Depression | Cass Edwards (2020) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Moderate |
| Crash risk | Stephen Tregear (2009) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Weak |
| Work accidents | Sergio Garbarino (2016) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Moderate |
| Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) | Min Zhou (2016) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Moderate |