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. 2021 Jul 30;269(3):1538–1545. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10726-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Neuropsychological test scores of patients with and without clinically relevant sleep disturbances at the PDSS-2. Patients with clinically relevant sleep disturbances (PDSS-2 ≥ 18; orange columns) performed worse than patients without sleep disturbances (PDSS-2 < 18; blue columns) on neuropsychological tests assessing attention, executive functions, and language. Values are presented as means and standard errors, adjusted for age, disease duration, LEDD, and years of education (analysis of covariance). PDSS-2 values are presented as a logarithmic scale. CBT Corsi’s block tapping test, CVF category verbal fluency, DCT digit cancellation test, FAB frontal assessment battery, PAL paired associate learning, PVF phonemic verbal fluency, RCPMT raven colour progressive matrices test, TMA trail making test A, TMB trail making test B. *Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05)