Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of the pooled results of the correlation between depression and sleep quality in SLE patients
| Variables | No. of studies | No. of patients | Fisher z (95% CI) | P value | Heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 (%) | P value | |||||
| Corticosteroids use | ||||||
| < 100% | 5 | 310 | 0.57(0.39, 0.74) | < 0.001 | 47.3 | 0.108 |
| 100% | 3 | 127 | 0.84(0.66, 1.02) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.853 |
| Measurement of depression | ||||||
| HADS-D | 3 | 160 | 0.43(0.27, 0.59) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.479 |
| CES-D | 3 | 180 | 0.72(0.57, 0.87) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.415 |
| HAM-D | 1 | 56 | 0.88(0.61, 1.15) | < 0.001 | 0 | - |
| PHQ-9 | 1 | 41 | 0.76(0.45, 1.08) | < 0.001 | 0 | - |
| Diagnostic criteria of SLE | ||||||
| 1982 and 1997 ACR | 3 | 160 | 0.43(0.27, 0.59) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.479 |
| 1997 ACR | 4 | 247 | 0.75(0.62, 0.88) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.479 |
| 1982 ACR | 1 | 30 | 0.86(0.49, 1.24) | < 0.001 | 0 | - |
| Region | ||||||
| Europe | 3 | 160 | 0.43(0.27, 0.59) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.479 |
| Asia | 3 | 147 | 0.83(0.66, 1.00) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.859 |
| North America | 1 | 100 | 0.63(0.43, 0.83) | < 0.001 | 0 | - |
| Africa | 1 | 30 | 0.86(0.49, 1.24) | < 0.001 | 0 | - |
| Quality | ||||||
| High risk | 4 | 236 | 0.67(0.43, 0.90) | < 0.001 | 62.9 | 0.044 |
| Low risk | 4 | 201 | 0.66(0.44, 0.89) | < 0.001 | 50.5 | 0.109 |
HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; PHQ-9, the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; ACR, American College of Rheumatology; CI, confidence interval