Table 4.
Subgroup analysis of the pooled results in depression levels between SLE patients with good and poor sleep quality
| Variables | No. of studies | Pooled SMD (95% CI) | P value | Heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 (%) | P value | ||||
| Corticosteroids use | |||||
| < 100% | 2 | − 0.11 (− 2.05, − 0.18) | 0.020 | 81.6 | 0.020 |
| 100% | 2 | − 1.55 (− 2.67, − 0.42) | 0.007 | 73.6 | 0.052 |
| Measurement of depression | |||||
| CES-D | 2 | − 1.79 − 2.34, − 1.24) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.341 |
| HAM-D | 1 | − 1.05 (− 1.61, − 0.49) | < 0.001 | 0 | - |
| HADS-D | 1 | − 0.66 (− 1.13, − 0.20) | 0.005 | 0 | - |
| Diagnostic criteria of SLE | |||||
| 1982 and 1997 ACR | 1 | − 0.66 (− 1.13, − 0.20) | 0.005 | 0 | - |
| 1997 ACR | 2 | − 1.31 (− 1.86, − 0.75) | < 0.001 | 39.9 | 0.197 |
| 1982 ACR | 1 | − 2.21 (− 3.24, − 1.18) | < 0.001 | 0 | - |
| Region | |||||
| Asia | 3 | − 1.07 (− 1.60, − 0.54) | < 0.001 | 63.4 | 0.065 |
| Africa | 1 | − 2.21 (− 3.24, − 1.18) | < 0.001 | 0 | - |
| Quality | |||||
| High risk | 2 | − 0.82 (− 1.19, − 0.45) | < 0.001 | 6.9 | 0.300 |
| Low risk | 2 | − 1.79 (− 2.34, − 1.24) | < 0.001 | 0 | 0.341 |
CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; ACR, American College of Rheumatology; SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval