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. 2022 Feb 18;12:2787. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06209-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of sleep parameters across school start systems. Sleep parameters from the longitudinal cohort (n = 33) comparing the conventional start system at baseline (t0, grey) with the flexible system during t1 (light red) and t2 (dark red). (A) Average sleep onset and offset on schooldays and weekends. Results of two-way repeated measures ANOVAs with the factors day (schooldays/weekends) and time point (t0/t1/t2) are provided. Given the significant interaction effect, main effects are not reported. Letters indicate results of post-hoc tests on simple contrasts, with data marked by different letters demonstrating significant differences. (B) Average daily sleep duration across the week (weighted for 5 schooldays and 2 weekend days), (C) average chronotype, (D) average social jetlag. Results of one-way repeated measures ANOVAs across time points are presented above each graph. Brackets indicate statistically significant post-hoc comparisons. All boxplots are Tukey boxplots. See main text and Supplementary Tab. S3 for detailed effect sizes. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.